Discover published sets by community

Decisions are made by the residents of the town in a democratic forum rather than by elected representatives. Examples include small towns in New England.

Non-profit, community-based organizations are focused on revitalizing the areas they serve, often funded by public and private sources. They are common in urban renewal projects.

A single governing body oversees both the central city and surrounding suburbs, often to coordinate policy and manage shared services. The Greater London Authority is an example.

City and county governments are merged into a single entity to serve both jurisdictions, found in places like San Francisco.

Power is divided between a central government and constituent subnational governments. Applied to urban governance, it can be seen in the governance of Washington D.C.

Citizens are directly involved in decision-making processes, often through neighborhood councils or local referendums. Porto Alegre, Brazil, is known for participatory budgeting.

Power in urban areas is dispersed among diverse groups and stakeholders who must negotiate to get things done. It is common in many modern cities.

Local government is overseen by an elected council, which appoints a professional manager to run day-to-day operations. Examples include Phoenix and San Antonio.

A city is divided into districts, each with some level of autonomy or its own governance structure. New York City's boroughs are an example.

Public services and infrastructure are provided through cooperation between the government and private sector firms. Examples can be seen in projects worldwide.

Elected commissioners oversee specific departments and collectively make policy decisions. Portland, Oregon, historically used this model.

Governance in urban areas is subject to informal arrangements where public officials and private interests collaborate to govern. Atlanta is often associated with this model.

A single executive leader has substantial powers over policy and administration. Examples include New York City and Chicago.

Emphasizes minimal government and maximum individual freedom, theorizing self-governance by communities and voluntary associations. The model is largely theoretical or seen in limited contexts.