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ET involves collecting fertilized embryos from a donor female and implanting them in surrogate mothers. Advantages include rapid genetic improvement and the ability for one cow to produce several offspring in a year. The disadvantages are high costs, technical expertise required, and the need for careful synchronization of donors and recipients.

AI is the process of collecting sperm from a male and manually depositing it into the female's reproductive tract. Advantages include the ability to use genetics from superior sires that are far away or dead, minimizing disease transmission, and reducing the need for multiple males on a farm. Disadvantages include the need for trained personnel, specialized equipment, and careful timing.

IVF involves the collection of eggs from a female, which are then fertilized in a lab with sperm before being implanted in a recipient cow. Advantages include the ability to produce offspring from cows with reproductive issues, create embryos from sex-sorted sperm, and decrease the interval between generations. Disadvantages include cost, technical complexity, and higher calf mortality rates.

This method creates a genetically identical copy of an animal by transferring the nucleus from a body cell into an egg cell that has had its own nucleus removed. Advantages include preservation of elite genetics and the opportunity to reproduce sterile or deceased animals. Disadvantages are ethical concerns, high costs, lower success rates, and potential for decreased genetic diversity.

Genomic Selection uses DNA testing to predict an animal’s potential as a parent. The advantages are increased accuracy of selecting superior breeding stock and faster genetic progress. Disadvantages include high costs of testing and a need for a large reference population for reliable predictions.

Crossbreeding involves mating animals of different breeds. Advantages are exploiting heterosis (hybrid vigor) which can lead to improved growth rates, fertility, and survivability. Disadvantages include potential dilution of breed characteristics and difficulty in achieving consistent offspring attributes.

Sexed semen is produced by sorting sperm cells to ensure a higher likelihood of producing a desired sex of offspring. Advantages include increased management of herd composition and improved financial returns by producing more female dairy cattle. Disadvantages are reduced fertility rates, higher costs of semen, and the need for specialized equipment.