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Iconography in Religious Sculpture
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Moses
Meaning: In Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, Moses is a prophet who liberated the Israelites. Representation in Sculpture: Often shown with the Ten Commandments and sometimes with horns or a halo due to a translation error.
The Chi-Rho
Meaning: An early Christogram representing Jesus Christ. Representation in Sculpture: Integrated into many Christian sculptures, altars, and sarcophagi, combining the Greek letters chi (X) and rho (P).
David's Star (Star of David)
Meaning: Symbolically linked to Judaism and the Jewish people. Representation in Sculpture: Found in synagogues and on gravestones, sometimes within the design of menorahs.
The Virgin Mary
Meaning: Represents the mother of Jesus in Christianity, a symbol of purity and virtue. Representation in Sculpture: Often depicted standing or holding baby Jesus, sometimes with a halo or surrounded by angels.
Dove
Meaning: Symbolizes the Holy Spirit in Christianity and peace. Representation in Sculpture: Often depicted with an olive branch, or above religious figures like saints or Jesus.
The Cross
Meaning: In Christianity, represents Jesus' crucifixion and resurrection. Representation in Sculpture: Commonly used in crucifixes, on altars, and in Christian art.
Lotus Flower
Meaning: In various religious traditions, represents purity and enlightenment. Representation in Sculpture: Often found in the hand of a deity or as a seat for figures in Hindu and Buddhist sculpture.
Buddha
Meaning: The enlightened one, represents the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama. Representation in Sculpture: Depicted seated or standing, sometimes with a hand gesture known as a mudra.
The Trident (Trishula)
Meaning: In Hinduism, represents the power of Lord Shiva. Also a symbol of balance in Buddhism and Hinduism. Representation in Sculpture: Carried by Shiva and sometimes by other deities, it indicates authority and power.
Ganesha
Meaning: Hindu god of wisdom, new beginnings, and remover of obstacles. Representation in Sculpture: Elephant-headed figure, often with multiple arms holding various symbolic items.
The Kaaba
Meaning: The most sacred site in Islam, represents the metaphorical house of God. Representation in Sculpture: Rarely sculpted due to aniconism in Islam, but its geometric form influences Islamic architecture.
Angel
Meaning: Represents messengers of God, divine presence, or guardians in many religious traditions. Representation in Sculpture: Often depicted with wings, sometimes holding a musical instrument or a scroll.
The Sacred Heart
Meaning: Represents Jesus Christ's divine love for humanity in Christianity. Representation in Sculpture: Depicted as a flaming heart, sometimes with a crown of thorns or encircled by a halo.
Ouroboros
Meaning: An ancient symbol depicting a serpent eating its tail, representing eternal cyclic renewal. Representation in Sculpture: Appears in various cultures' art, often engraved around the edge of sculptures or as a central motif.
Ankh
Meaning: An ancient Egyptian symbol of life and immortality. Representation in Sculpture: Appears in the hands of deities or integrated into temple decorations and tombs.
Crescent and Star
Meaning: Often represents the Islamic faith. Representation in Sculpture: Commonly seen on mosque minarets and in Islamic heraldry.
Yin and Yang
Meaning: Represents the concept of dualism in Taoism, depicting balance and unity within opposites. Representation in Sculpture: Commonly depicted in Chinese art, sometimes incorporated into figures or patterns.
Wheel of Dharma (Dharmachakra)
Meaning: Represents the Buddha's teaching and walking of the path to enlightenment. Representation in Sculpture: Depicted as an eight-spoked wheel often held by Buddha or placed in Buddhist sculptures.
The Menorah
Meaning: An ancient Hebrew lampstand with seven branches, symbolizing the burning bush as seen by Moses. Representation in Sculpture: Found in Jewish art and synagogues, commemorated during Hanukkah.
Khanda
Meaning: Symbolizes divine knowledge, the oneness of God, and the Sikh faith. Representation in Sculpture: Central motif in Sikh art, including on the Nishan Sahib (Sikh flag).
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