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A conservation technique involving the use of solvents and chemicals to remove surface pollutants without damaging the sculpture's material. Example: using acetone or ethanol to clean marble sculptures.

A non-contact and precise cleaning method that uses laser technology to remove contaminants from sculptures. Example: Removing black crusts from limestone sculptures with laser.

A technique used to strengthen and stabilize sculptures by applying a consolidant to the structure. Example: Using polyvinyl acetate to consolidate a weathered stone sculpture.

A conservation technique that applies a patina to metal sculptures, both for aesthetic reasons and to protect against corrosion. Example: Applying a chemical solution to bronze sculptures to form a greenish patina.

A challenge where organisms like birds, insects, or plants cause physical damage to outdoor sculptures. Example: Pigeons nesting on sculptures and corroding materials with their droppings.

The process of repairing cracks, breaks or instability in the sculpture's material. Example: Re-attaching a broken marble limb using stainless steel pins and adhesive.

Challenges posed by weathering, pollution, and temperature fluctuations, which can all degrade sculptures over time. Example: Acid rain eroding marble statues.

A technique where protective coatings are applied to sculptures to shield them from environmental factors. Example: Wax coating for bronze sculptures to prevent oxidation.

The practice of controlling pests that can damage sculptures, such as wood-boring insects in wooden sculptures. Example: Using pheromone traps to control insect infestation in a wooden sculpture.

Using digital tools to record the condition of sculptures for monitoring and planning future conservation work. Example: 3D scanning a sculpture for exact replication or restoration planning.

The use of physical tools to remove dirt and debris from sculptures without the use of chemicals or water. Example: Using soft brushes and scalpels to clean delicate surfaces.

A challenge where organic growth, such as algae or fungi, degrades the sculpture's material. Example: Algae growth on a fountain's stone surfaces creating discoloration.

Challenges in protecting sculptures from being stolen or defaced, which require security measures. Example: Graffiti on a public sculpture.

Techniques used to fill in missing parts or apply color to areas where the original material has been lost. Example: Filling a chip in a stone statue and tinting it to match the original stone.

A challenge of managing the wear and tear caused by public interaction with sculptures, such as touching or climbing. Example: Bronze statue with patina worn off in areas frequently touched.

A conservation technique for metal sculptures, which uses electrochemical processes to clean and stabilize them. Example: Using electrolysis to remove corrosion from an iron statue.

Creating controlled environments around sculptures to protect them from damaging conditions. Example: Display cases with regulated humidity for delicate wooden carvings.