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Uses radio signals between the spacecraft and Earth-based antennas or other space-based assets to determine position and velocity, often through time-of-flight measurements.

Magnetometers measure the strength and direction of magnetic fields. In space, they can be used to measure planetary magnetic fields or to determine a spacecraft's orientation relative to Earth's magnetic field.

Sun sensors detect sunlight and determine the spacecraft's orientation relative to the Sun. This information is critical for power generation and thermal control.

Although primarily designed for Earth navigation, some spacecraft in low Earth orbit can use GPS signals for position, velocity, and time information, typically as part of a hybrid navigational system.

Combines gyroscopes, accelerometers, and sometimes magnetometers to measure velocity, orientation, and gravitational forces. Used to track spacecraft movement and position without external references.

Star trackers are optical devices that measure the positions of stars. They provide high-precision attitude determination necessary for navigation and orientation in space.

A radar system that measures the Doppler shift in frequency of signals reflected off a surface to calculate velocity. Useful for precise speed and altitude determination during planetary landings.

Laser rangefinders measure the time it takes for a laser to travel to an object and back, providing precise distance measurements, handy for rendezvous and docking procedures.

Involves using sightings of celestial bodies, like stars, planets, and moons, to navigate. Used in combination with other systems for confirming a spacecraft's position and path.