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Maintains a habitable environment for crew or sensitive instruments; commonly constructed from aluminum alloys, stainless steel or titanium.

Stores electrical power for use when solar power is not available; often lithium-ion or nickel-hydrogen based.

Used for manipulating objects in space; constructed from lightweight, durable materials and equipped with joints and sensors for precise control.

Stores propellants for in-space maneuvers; constructed from lightweight materials such as aluminium-lithium alloys or composite overwrapped pressure vessels (COPVs).

Provides the fundamental shape and structural integrity of the spacecraft; typically made from aluminum or composite materials.

Generates electrical power using sunlight; solar cells are typically made from silicon or gallium arsenide.

Controls spacecraft orientation by angular momentum exchange; made of high-strength materials like titanium alloys and equipped with electric motors.

Supports components and absorbs loads; commonly assembled from materials such as aluminum alloys or carbon fiber reinforced plastics.

Maneuvers the spacecraft and maintains attitude; utilizes small rocket engines, often using hypergolic propellants or cold gas thrusters.

Connects different spacecraft modules; made with precision engineered metal alloys and may include docking ports or berthing mechanisms.

Protects spacecraft from extreme temperatures; made using insulating materials, reflective coatings, or ablative shields.

Enables communication with Earth or other spacecraft; made from conductive materials like aluminum or composites, sometimes with a parabolic shape.

Dissipates excess heat into space; uses high-emissivity surfaces and lightweight materials like aluminum or composite panels.

Facilitates safe landing on surfaces; often constructed using high-strength alloys and shock-absorbing mechanisms.