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A light year is the distance that light travels in vacuum in one Julian year (365.25 days). It is commonly used to express astronomical distances between stars and galaxies. 1 light year equals approximately 9.46 trillion kilometers (9.46 x $10^{12}$ km).

An astronomical unit (AU) is defined as the average distance between the Earth and the Sun, about 149.6 million kilometers (149.6 x $10^{6}$ km). It is widely used to describe distances within our solar system.

A Megaparsec (Mpc) is 1 million parsecs and is used to measure the large-scale structure of the universe. 1 Mpc is approximately equal to 3.26 million light years.

A parsec (pc) measures the distance to an object whose parallax angle is one arcsecond. It is equivalent to approximately 3.26 light years or 30.9 trillion kilometers (30.9 x $10^{12}$ km). Parsecs are used by astronomers to measure large distances to objects outside our solar system.

Redshift refers to the phenomenon where light from an object is shifted towards the red end of the spectrum as it stretches due to the expansion of the universe. It's used to measure the velocity at which an object is moving away from Earth and can be converted to a distance measure using the Hubble's Law.