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Key Astronomers in History
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Galileo Galilei
Implemented the telescope for celestial observation, discovered Jupiter's moons, and supported heliocentrism; era: late 16th to early 17th century.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Developed the heliocentric model of the universe placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center; era: Renaissance period (16th century).
Edwin Hubble
Provided evidence that the universe is expanding through the observation of redshift in distant galaxies; established Hubble's Law; era: early 20th century.
Carl Sagan
Popularized science and astronomy through books and the television series 'Cosmos'; made contributions to the understanding of extraterrestrial life; era: 20th century.
Isaac Newton
Laid down the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which formed the foundations of classical physics; also built the first practical reflecting telescope; era: 17th to early 18th century.
Henrietta Swan Leavitt
Discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars, which later provided a basis for measuring the scale of the universe; era: early 20th century.
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin
Established that stars are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium and wrote an influential thesis on stellar atmospheres; era: 20th century.
Tycho Brahe
Known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations which later helped Kepler in formulating his laws of planetary motion; era: late 16th century.
Johannes Kepler
Formulated the three laws of planetary motion, which improved the heliocentric model of Copernicus; era: turn of the 17th century.
William Herschel
Discovered the planet Uranus, infrared radiation, and contributed to the study of stellar parallax; era: late 18th to early 19th century.
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Developed the Chandrasekhar limit, the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star; contributed to the understanding of black holes, neutron stars, and other astronomical entities; era: 20th century.
Hipparchus
Founded trigonometry and compiled the first known star catalog; also discovered the precession of the equinoxes; era: 2nd century BCE.
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