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Key Astronomers in History

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Galileo Galilei

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Implemented the telescope for celestial observation, discovered Jupiter's moons, and supported heliocentrism; era: late 16th to early 17th century.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

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Developed the heliocentric model of the universe placing the Sun, not the Earth, at the center; era: Renaissance period (16th century).

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Edwin Hubble

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Provided evidence that the universe is expanding through the observation of redshift in distant galaxies; established Hubble's Law; era: early 20th century.

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Carl Sagan

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Popularized science and astronomy through books and the television series 'Cosmos'; made contributions to the understanding of extraterrestrial life; era: 20th century.

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Isaac Newton

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Laid down the laws of motion and universal gravitation, which formed the foundations of classical physics; also built the first practical reflecting telescope; era: 17th to early 18th century.

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Henrietta Swan Leavitt

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Discovered the relation between the luminosity and the period of Cepheid variable stars, which later provided a basis for measuring the scale of the universe; era: early 20th century.

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Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

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Established that stars are primarily composed of hydrogen and helium and wrote an influential thesis on stellar atmospheres; era: 20th century.

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Tycho Brahe

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Known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations which later helped Kepler in formulating his laws of planetary motion; era: late 16th century.

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Johannes Kepler

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Formulated the three laws of planetary motion, which improved the heliocentric model of Copernicus; era: turn of the 17th century.

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William Herschel

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Discovered the planet Uranus, infrared radiation, and contributed to the study of stellar parallax; era: late 18th to early 19th century.

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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

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Developed the Chandrasekhar limit, the maximum mass of a stable white dwarf star; contributed to the understanding of black holes, neutron stars, and other astronomical entities; era: 20th century.

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Hipparchus

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Founded trigonometry and compiled the first known star catalog; also discovered the precession of the equinoxes; era: 2nd century BCE.

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