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Maarten Schmidt. Discovered that quasars are extremely distant and luminous objects, suggesting they contain massive black holes at their centers.

Rainer Weiss, Kip Thorne, Barry Barish and the LIGO Collaboration. Provided direct evidence of gravitational waves, confirming a major prediction of Einstein's general theory of relativity.

Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson. The detection of this faint background radiation provided evidence for the Big Bang theory.

Edwin Hubble. Indicates that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away from us, demonstrating the expansion of the universe.

Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish. Discovery of pulsars supported the existence of neutron stars, which were previously theorized.

Fritz Zwicky. Proposed the existence of an unseen matter that affects the movement of galaxies within clusters, leading to the theory of dark matter.

Harlow Shapley. Determined the size and structure of the Milky Way galaxy, and our position within it, using globular clusters.

Henrietta Swan Leavitt. Showed that the brightness of these stars is related to their period, providing a way to measure the distance to faraway galaxies.

Mastered by scientists like Sir Arthur Eddington. Understanding that stars are powered by nuclear fusion revolutionized the conception of stellar energy sources.

The discovery is attributed to the work of two teams: The Supernova Cosmology Project and the High-Z Supernova Search Team. The acceleration of the universe's expansion was found through observations of distant supernovae.

Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz. The first confirmation of planets orbiting a sun-like star other than our own, changing our understanding of planetary systems in the universe.