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Basic Bookkeeping Equations

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Assets = Liabilities + Equity

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Assets=Liabilities+Equity\text{Assets} = \text{Liabilities} + \text{Equity}; Practical Application: Balancing a company's balance sheet.

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Net Income = Revenues - Expenses

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Net Income=RevenuesExpenses\text{Net Income} = \text{Revenues} - \text{Expenses}; Practical Application: Calculating the profit or loss over a period of time.

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Cash Flow = Cash Inflows - Cash Outflows

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Cash Flow=Cash InflowsCash Outflows\text{Cash Flow} = \text{Cash Inflows} - \text{Cash Outflows}; Practical Application: Assessing the liquidity of a business.

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Owner's Equity = Assets - Liabilities

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Owner’s Equity=AssetsLiabilities\text{Owner's Equity} = \text{Assets} - \text{Liabilities}; Practical Application: Understanding the owner's claim on business assets.

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Break-Even Point = Fixed Costs / (Unit Selling Price - Variable Cost per Unit)

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Break-Even Point=Fixed Costs(Unit Selling PriceVariable Cost per Unit)\text{Break-Even Point} = \frac{\text{Fixed Costs}}{(\text{Unit Selling Price} - \text{Variable Cost per Unit})}; Practical Application: Determining the number of units that must be sold to cover costs.

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Inventory Turnover Ratio = Cost of Goods Sold / Average Inventory

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Inventory Turnover Ratio=Cost of Goods SoldAverage Inventory\text{Inventory Turnover Ratio} = \frac{\text{Cost of Goods Sold}}{\text{Average Inventory}}; Practical Application: Assessing the effectiveness of inventory management.

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Return on Investment (ROI) = (Net Profit / Investment) x 100

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ROI=(Net ProfitInvestment)×100\text{ROI} = (\frac{\text{Net Profit}}{\text{Investment}}) \times 100; Practical Application: Measuring the gain or loss generated on an investment.

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Debt-to-Equity Ratio = Total Liabilities / Shareholders' Equity

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Debt-to-Equity Ratio=Total LiabilitiesShareholders’ Equity\text{Debt-to-Equity Ratio} = \frac{\text{Total Liabilities}}{\text{Shareholders' Equity}}; Practical Application: Assessing a company's financial leverage.

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Gross Profit Margin = (Gross Profit / Revenue) x 100

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Gross Profit Margin=(Gross ProfitRevenue)×100\text{Gross Profit Margin} = (\frac{\text{Gross Profit}}{\text{Revenue}}) \times 100; Practical Application: Understanding profitability before operating expenses, interest, and taxes.

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Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities

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Current Ratio=Current AssetsCurrent Liabilities\text{Current Ratio} = \frac{\text{Current Assets}}{\text{Current Liabilities}}; Practical Application: Measuring a company's ability to pay off short-term obligations.

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Quick Ratio = (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities

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Quick Ratio=(Current AssetsInventoryCurrent Liabilities)\text{Quick Ratio} = (\frac{\text{Current Assets} - \text{Inventory}}{\text{Current Liabilities}}); Practical Application: Measuring a company's ability to meet short-term obligations with its most liquid assets.

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Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio = Net Credit Sales / Average Accounts Receivable

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Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio=Net Credit SalesAverage Accounts Receivable\text{Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio} = \frac{\text{Net Credit Sales}}{\text{Average Accounts Receivable}}; Practical Application: Gauging the efficiency of a company's credit policies.

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Return on Equity (ROE) = Net Income / Shareholder's Equity

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ROE=Net IncomeShareholder’s Equity\text{ROE} = \frac{\text{Net Income}}{\text{Shareholder's Equity}}; Practical Application: Gauging how effectively management is using a company's assets to create profits.

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Average Collection Period = (365 Days) / Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio

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Average Collection Period=(365 Days)/Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio\text{Average Collection Period} = (365 \text{ Days}) / \text{Accounts Receivable Turnover Ratio}; Practical Application: Estimating the average number of days it takes to collect receivables.

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Gross Margin Ratio = (Net Sales - Cost of Goods Sold) / Net Sales

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Gross Margin Ratio=(Net SalesCost of Goods SoldNet Sales)\text{Gross Margin Ratio} = (\frac{\text{Net Sales} - \text{Cost of Goods Sold}}{\text{Net Sales}}); Practical Application: Calculating the percentage of sales revenue that exceeds the cost of goods sold.

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