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A term from Althusser, describing the process by which ideology addresses the individual, thus producing subjects in line with dominant social expectations.

Stuart Hall's model for understanding media communication process, where producers 'encode' messages that audiences 'decode' in various ways.

The resistance to societal power structures as maintained by hegemonic forces, which can be seen in media that challenge mainstream ideological messages.

An interdisciplinary field concerned with understanding and dissecting cultural phenomena, considering the various societal factors that produce and are reflected in media texts.

A social space where individuals can come together to freely discuss and identify societal problems, and through that discussion influence political action.

A pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning, often used in media texts to create conflict and drive narratives.

A system of ideas, values, and beliefs that are dominant in a given society, which media can reproduce and challenge.

An intellectual stance or mode of discourse defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies of modernism, often noted in media texts by pastiche, parody, or bricolage.

The act of depicting the world and women in the visual arts and literature from a masculine and heterosexual perspective, presenting women as objects of male pleasure.

Refers to the use of language and images to create meaning about the world around us. It plays a key role in the construction of reality within a text and how audiences perceive it.

Refers to the structured way of talking and thinking about the world, which influences and is influenced by social practices.

The study of signs and symbols, including their use and interpretation, often used to analyze how meaning is created in media texts.

The study of different genres within media to understand how they adhere to or deviate from established conventions, and how this influences audience expectations and experiences.

The presence of multiple potential meanings for a word, phrase, image, or text, often explored in audience studies of media reception.

The shaping of a text's meaning by another text. It involves the intersection of texts within media to generate meaning through the referencing or evocation of other texts.

The analysis of how various audiences receive and interpret media texts, including the socio-demographic factors that affect interpretation.

The cultural dominance or predominance of one social group over others, often maintained via media representation and the framing of norms.

The process through which media filters and shapes information and reality as it transmits it to audiences, becoming a bridge between events and viewers.

The dominance of one culture over another, historically the imposition of a foreign viewpoint or civilization on a people, often evident through the global spread of media.