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Vertical integration occurs when a company controls multiple aspects of its supply chain, from production to distribution. This can create efficiency and consistency in media products but may also limit competition and control market access for new entrants.

Non-profit ownership of media involves outlets operated by non-profit organizations with an educational, social, or community mission. They focus on public service rather than profit, but may lack the scale and influence of commercial entities and face financial sustainability challenges.

Trust ownership entails media outlets being governed by a trust to ensure editorial independence and mission alignment. This can protect against outside influence, but trusts may not always reflect the changing demographics or interests of the wider public.

Horizontal integration refers to the process of a company increasing production of goods or services at the same part of the supply chain. This can lead to a concentration of power and control over particular types of media, reducing competition and variety for consumers.

Family ownership refers to media outlets that are controlled by one or several families over generations. This can ensure independence from large corporations but might also lead to biases that favor the family's opinion and commercial interests.

A conglomerate is a large company that owns numerous companies across various industries. This type of ownership can lead to less diversity in media content and potential conflicts of interest where the media's business interests may overshadow journalistic integrity.

Cross-ownership is when a single company owns different types of media outlets, such as TV, radio, and newspapers, within the same market. This can reduce the diversity of viewpoints and concentrate media influence in the hands of a few.

Private ownership means the media is owned by individuals or corporations without state control. This may encourage innovation and competition, but also might prioritize profitability over journalistic ethics and underserve public interest.

State ownership refers to media outlets that are owned and operated by the government. They may serve public interest and provide a sense of national identity, but can also be used to propagate government propaganda and hinder the diversity of opinions.