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Common Mechanical Engineering Terms
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Fluid Dynamics
Fluid Dynamics is the sub-discipline of fluid mechanics that studies the flow of fluids—liquids and gases.
Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change its shape, area, volume, and density in response to a change in temperature.
Tensile Strength
Tensile strength is the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched or pulled before necking.
Ductility
Ductility is the ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing.
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is the branch of physics that deals with the relationships between heat and other forms of energy.
Hydraulic System
A hydraulic system is a technology that uses a fluid under pressure to drive machinery or move mechanical components.
Corrosion
Corrosion is the gradual destruction of materials, usually metals, by chemical and/or electrochemical reaction with their environment.
Moment of Inertia
Moment of Inertia is the measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotation rate.
Fatigue
Fatigue is the weakening of a material caused by repeatedly applied loads.
Dynamics
Dynamics is the branch of physics concerned with the motion of bodies under the action of forces.
Gear Ratio
Gear Ratio is the ratio of the number of rotations of a driven gear to the number of rotations of the driving gear.
Strain
Strain is the deformation or displacement of material that results from an applied stress.
Kinematics
Kinematics is the study of motion without considering the forces that cause the motion.
Mechanical Advantage
Mechanical Advantage is the factor by which a machine multiplies the force put into it.
Centripetal Force
Centripetal force is the force required to make a body follow a curved path and is directed inwards towards the axis of rotation or towards the center of curvature.
Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal Force is an apparent force that acts outward on a body moving around a center, arising from the body's inertia.
Pneumatic System
A pneumatic system is a branch of technology that uses gas, usually compressed air, as a means to do work.
Stress
Stress is the internal resistance offered by a material to the external force per unit area.
Bernoulli's Principle
Bernoulli's Principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy.
Compressibility
Compressibility is a measure of the relative volume change of a fluid or solid as a response to a pressure change.
Laminar Flow
Laminar flow is a type of fluid flow where a fluid flows in parallel layers, with no disruption between the layers.
Plasticity
Plasticity is the deformation of a material undergoing non-reversible changes of shape in response to applied forces.
Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is the discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy between physical systems.
Welding
Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials, usually metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence.
Casting
Casting is a manufacturing process in which a liquid material is poured into a mold that contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape and then allowed to solidify.
Refrigeration
Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a space, substance, or system to lower and/or maintain its temperature below the ambient one.
Natural Frequency
Natural frequency is the rate at which an object vibrates when it is not subjected to an external force or damping.
Elasticity
Elasticity is the ability of a material to return to its original shape and dimensions after the removal of a deforming force.
Heat Engine
A heat engine is a system that converts heat or thermal energy—and chemical energy—to mechanical energy, which can then be used to perform mechanical work.
Vibration
Vibration is the oscillation of an object around an equilibrium point.
Stress Concentration
Stress concentration is a phenomenon in which stress is highest around discontinuities or sharp corners in materials.
Poisson's Ratio
Poisson's ratio is the ratio of the transverse strain to the axial strain in the direction of stretching force.
Reynolds Number
Reynolds Number is a dimensionless number that predicts flow patterns in different fluid flow situations.
Torque
Torque is a measure of the force that can cause an object to rotate about an axis.
Machining
Machining is a manufacturing process in which a piece of raw material is cut into a desired final shape and size by a controlled material-removal process.
Creep
Creep is the slow and progressive deformation of a material under constant stress at high temperatures.
Bulk Modulus
Bulk Modulus is a measure of how incompressible a substance is, defined as the ratio of the infinitesimal pressure increase to the resulting relative decrease of the volume.
Buckling
Buckling refers to a sudden failure of a structural member subjected to high compressive stress, where the actual compressive stress at the point of failure is less than the ultimate compressive stresses that the material is capable of withstanding.
Young's Modulus
Young's Modulus, also known as the elastic modulus, is a measure of the stiffness of a material and is defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region.
Shear Stress
Shear stress is a stress that acts parallel or tangential to the face of the material.
Turbulent Flow
Turbulent flow is a type of fluid flow in which the fluid undergoes irregular fluctuations, or mixing.
Coefficient of Friction
The coefficient of friction is the ratio that describes the force of friction between two bodies and the force pressing them together.
Hardness
Hardness is the measure of a material's resistance to deformation, especially permanent deformation, or a material's resistance to scratching and wear.
Damping
Damping is the effect that reduces the amplitude of oscillations in an oscillating system.
Cavitation
Cavitation is the formation and implosion of cavities or bubbles in a liquid, caused by the movements of a solid through the liquid or by forces acting upon the liquid.
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