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Metal Cutting and Machine Tools
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Lathe
Cuts, shapes, and drills materials like metal and wood by rotating the workpiece against a cutting tool.
Milling Machine
Removes material from a workpiece by advancing rotary cutting tools across it in different directions.
Grinding Machine
Uses an abrasive wheel as the cutting tool to produce fine finishes or make light cuts on workpieces.
Drilling Machine
Primarily used to drill holes in various materials, typically by rotating a cutting tool into the stationary workpiece.
Turning Operation
A machining process where a single-point cutting tool removes material from the surface of a rotating workpiece.
Milling Operation
A machining process where a multi-point cutting tool removes material from the surface of a workpiece.
Drilling Operation
A basic machining process that creates a round hole in a workpiece using a rotary cutting tool called a drill bit.
Tapping Operation
A machining process that creates internal threads within a hole, allowing it to accept a bolt or screw.
Reaming Operation
Enlarges and finishes a previously formed hole to a precise diameter with a smooth finish.
Broaching Operation
Uses a toothed tool, called a broach, to remove material in a linear path, often for making unique shapes like keyways or splines.
Boring Operation
Enlarges an existing hole to a precise diameter using a single-point cutting tool or a boring head on a lathe or milling machine.
Planing Operation
A machining process that uses relative linear motion between a single-point cutting tool and the workpiece to create flat surfaces.
Shaping Operation
Uses a single-point cutting tool that moves back and forth across a stationary workpiece, cutting on the forward stroke.
Sawing
A cutting process that uses a saw blade to remove material from the workpiece by a reciprocating or continuous back-and-forth motion.
Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM)
Uses electrical sparks to remove material from a conductive workpiece, creating shapes with a metallic electrode.
Water Jet Cutting
Employs a high-pressure jet of water, often with abrasive particles, to cut through various materials.
Laser Cutting
Uses a high-powered laser beam to cut or engrave materials based on computer-controlled parameters.
Plasma Cutting
Involves cutting electrically conductive materials using an accelerated jet of hot plasma.
Gear Hobbing
A machining process that creates gears, sprockets, and splines utilizing a toothed cutting tool called a hob.
Gear Shaping
Involves cutting gears using a reciprocating pinion-shaped cutter, allowing production of both internal and external gears.
Knurling Operation
A decorative and functional finishing process that creates a patterned surface on a workpiece, commonly for improved grip.
Shearing
A cutting operation mainly used to cut straight lines on sheet metal; includes tools such as shears.
Punching
This process uses a punch press to force a tool through the workpiece to create a hole via shearing.
Blanking
A cutting process where a punch and die are used to cut out a piece from sheet metal; the cutout part is the desired product.
Stamping
A forming process that uses dies and punch presses to shape or cut metals into desired forms from a sheet metal workpiece.
Forging
A manufacturing process involving the shaping of metal using localized compressive forces from a hammer or a die.
Extrusion
A process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by pushing material through a die of the desired cross-section.
Powder Metallurgy
A process that forms metal parts by heating compacted metal powders below their melting points.
Casting
A manufacturing process where a liquid material is poured into a mold, which contains a hollow cavity of the desired shape, and solidifies.
Lapping
A finishing process that involves rubbing a brittle material piece over another surface with an abrasive between them.
Honing Operation
Used to improve the geometric form and surface texture of the bores of metal components.
Sandblasting
A process in which a medium is accelerated through a blasting nozzle by compressed air to clean or prepare a surface.
Welding
A fabrication process that joins materials, typically metals or thermoplastics, by causing coalescence.
Swaging
A forging process where the dimensions of an item are altered by applying radial forces using a swage.
Thread Milling
A cutting process used to create internal and external threads on a workpiece using a rotating cutting tool.
Centerless Grinding
A process of grinding cylindrical workpieces without supports, using two wheels and a work blade.
Robotic Automation
Uses robots to automate a machining operation, increasing precision and repeatability while reducing labor.
Computer Numerical Control (CNC)
Refers to the automated control of machining tools by a computer, where software is pre-programmed with the desired part's G-code.
Additive Manufacturing
Commonly known as 3D printing, it's a process of making three-dimensional solid objects from a digital file by adding materials layer by layer.
Ultra-Precision Machining
A manufacturing process which employs cutting tools with tolerances in the nanometer regime to produce parts with extremely tight tolerances.
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