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Control Systems Overview
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Ziegler-Nichols Tuning
A heuristic method for tuning a PID controller based on characteristic system responses.
Feedforward Control
A control strategy that anticipates and compensates for disturbances before they affect the process.
Phase Lag
Occurs when the output of a system lags behind the input signal in terms of phase.
Lead Compensator
A controller that increases the phase margin and improves the transient response of a system.
Root Locus
A graphical method for determining the roots of the characteristic equation as the system parameters are varied.
Steady-State Error
The difference between a system's output and the desired output as time goes to infinity.
Bandwidth
The range of frequencies over which the system can properly respond or maintain a certain performance level.
Controllability
The ability of a system to be driven from any initial state to any final state within a finite time frame, with appropriate input.
Overshoot
The extent to which a system exceeds its desired response before reaching steady state.
Gain
A measure of how much a system amplifies the input signal.
State-Space Representation
A mathematical modeling framework using vectors of state variables.
Closed-Loop System
A control system that uses feedback to compare the actual output to the desired output response.
Phase Lead
Occurs when the output of a system leads the input signal in terms of phase.
Gain Margin
The amount by which the system gain can be increased before it reaches instability.
Laplace Transform
A mathematical technique for transforming a time domain function into the s-domain.
Time Constant
The parameter characterizing the response speed of a first-order system.
Natural Frequency
The frequency at which a system oscillates in the absence of any damping or driving forces.
Actuator
A component responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.
Open-Loop System
A type of control system that operates without using feedback.
Stability
The ability of a system to return to its steady state after a disturbance.
Disturbance
External inputs that can affect the performance of a control system but are not part of the reference input.
Damping Ratio
A dimensionless measure describing how oscillations in a system decay after a disturbance.
Transfer Function
A mathematical representation that maps the input of a system to its output in the Laplace domain.
Bode Plot
A graphical representation of a system's frequency response, plotted with magnitude and phase against frequency.
Feedback Loop
A system structure where the output is fed back to compare with the input to reduce error.
Sensor
A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it.
System Type
A classification of control systems based on the number of poles at the origin of the s-plane.
PID Controller
A control mechanism that uses the proportional, integral, and derivative actions to control a process.
Phase Margin
The additional phase lag at the gain crossover frequency required to bring a system to the verge of instability.
Servomechanism
A control system used for providing precise control of a mechanical position, velocity, or acceleration.
Process Control
The use of various control mechanisms to regulate the output of a specific process.
Settling Time
The time taken for the system's response to reach and remain within a certain error band around the final value.
Lag Compensator
A controller designed to increase steady-state accuracy without significantly affecting stability.
Nyquist Criterion
A stability criterion that relates the open-loop frequency response of a system to its closed-loop stability.
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
A method to determine the stability of a linear system by constructing a Routh array.
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