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Control Systems Overview
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PID Controller
A control mechanism that uses the proportional, integral, and derivative actions to control a process.
Transfer Function
A mathematical representation that maps the input of a system to its output in the Laplace domain.
Bode Plot
A graphical representation of a system's frequency response, plotted with magnitude and phase against frequency.
Nyquist Criterion
A stability criterion that relates the open-loop frequency response of a system to its closed-loop stability.
Lead Compensator
A controller that increases the phase margin and improves the transient response of a system.
Lag Compensator
A controller designed to increase steady-state accuracy without significantly affecting stability.
Root Locus
A graphical method for determining the roots of the characteristic equation as the system parameters are varied.
State-Space Representation
A mathematical modeling framework using vectors of state variables.
Steady-State Error
The difference between a system's output and the desired output as time goes to infinity.
Gain Margin
The amount by which the system gain can be increased before it reaches instability.
Phase Margin
The additional phase lag at the gain crossover frequency required to bring a system to the verge of instability.
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
A method to determine the stability of a linear system by constructing a Routh array.
Servomechanism
A control system used for providing precise control of a mechanical position, velocity, or acceleration.
Process Control
The use of various control mechanisms to regulate the output of a specific process.
Feedback Loop
A system structure where the output is fed back to compare with the input to reduce error.
Feedforward Control
A control strategy that anticipates and compensates for disturbances before they affect the process.
Laplace Transform
A mathematical technique for transforming a time domain function into the s-domain.
Ziegler-Nichols Tuning
A heuristic method for tuning a PID controller based on characteristic system responses.
Actuator
A component responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.
Sensor
A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it.
Open-Loop System
A type of control system that operates without using feedback.
Closed-Loop System
A control system that uses feedback to compare the actual output to the desired output response.
System Type
A classification of control systems based on the number of poles at the origin of the s-plane.
Overshoot
The extent to which a system exceeds its desired response before reaching steady state.
Settling Time
The time taken for the system's response to reach and remain within a certain error band around the final value.
Gain
A measure of how much a system amplifies the input signal.
Time Constant
The parameter characterizing the response speed of a first-order system.
Phase Lag
Occurs when the output of a system lags behind the input signal in terms of phase.
Phase Lead
Occurs when the output of a system leads the input signal in terms of phase.
Stability
The ability of a system to return to its steady state after a disturbance.
Damping Ratio
A dimensionless measure describing how oscillations in a system decay after a disturbance.
Natural Frequency
The frequency at which a system oscillates in the absence of any damping or driving forces.
Bandwidth
The range of frequencies over which the system can properly respond or maintain a certain performance level.
Disturbance
External inputs that can affect the performance of a control system but are not part of the reference input.
Controllability
The ability of a system to be driven from any initial state to any final state within a finite time frame, with appropriate input.
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