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Control Systems Overview
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Feedforward Control
A control strategy that anticipates and compensates for disturbances before they affect the process.
Sensor
A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it.
Overshoot
The extent to which a system exceeds its desired response before reaching steady state.
PID Controller
A control mechanism that uses the proportional, integral, and derivative actions to control a process.
Lead Compensator
A controller that increases the phase margin and improves the transient response of a system.
Steady-State Error
The difference between a system's output and the desired output as time goes to infinity.
Feedback Loop
A system structure where the output is fed back to compare with the input to reduce error.
Time Constant
The parameter characterizing the response speed of a first-order system.
Root Locus
A graphical method for determining the roots of the characteristic equation as the system parameters are varied.
System Type
A classification of control systems based on the number of poles at the origin of the s-plane.
Settling Time
The time taken for the system's response to reach and remain within a certain error band around the final value.
Bandwidth
The range of frequencies over which the system can properly respond or maintain a certain performance level.
Phase Margin
The additional phase lag at the gain crossover frequency required to bring a system to the verge of instability.
Closed-Loop System
A control system that uses feedback to compare the actual output to the desired output response.
Phase Lag
Occurs when the output of a system lags behind the input signal in terms of phase.
Bode Plot
A graphical representation of a system's frequency response, plotted with magnitude and phase against frequency.
Lag Compensator
A controller designed to increase steady-state accuracy without significantly affecting stability.
Natural Frequency
The frequency at which a system oscillates in the absence of any damping or driving forces.
Nyquist Criterion
A stability criterion that relates the open-loop frequency response of a system to its closed-loop stability.
Process Control
The use of various control mechanisms to regulate the output of a specific process.
State-Space Representation
A mathematical modeling framework using vectors of state variables.
Routh-Hurwitz Criterion
A method to determine the stability of a linear system by constructing a Routh array.
Controllability
The ability of a system to be driven from any initial state to any final state within a finite time frame, with appropriate input.
Transfer Function
A mathematical representation that maps the input of a system to its output in the Laplace domain.
Gain Margin
The amount by which the system gain can be increased before it reaches instability.
Phase Lead
Occurs when the output of a system leads the input signal in terms of phase.
Damping Ratio
A dimensionless measure describing how oscillations in a system decay after a disturbance.
Ziegler-Nichols Tuning
A heuristic method for tuning a PID controller based on characteristic system responses.
Stability
The ability of a system to return to its steady state after a disturbance.
Disturbance
External inputs that can affect the performance of a control system but are not part of the reference input.
Open-Loop System
A type of control system that operates without using feedback.
Gain
A measure of how much a system amplifies the input signal.
Laplace Transform
A mathematical technique for transforming a time domain function into the s-domain.
Servomechanism
A control system used for providing precise control of a mechanical position, velocity, or acceleration.
Actuator
A component responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.
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