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A control mechanism that uses the proportional, integral, and derivative actions to control a process.

A mathematical representation that maps the input of a system to its output in the Laplace domain.

The additional phase lag at the gain crossover frequency required to bring a system to the verge of instability.

A method to determine the stability of a linear system by constructing a Routh array.

A control system used for providing precise control of a mechanical position, velocity, or acceleration.

The use of various control mechanisms to regulate the output of a specific process.

A system structure where the output is fed back to compare with the input to reduce error.

A control strategy that anticipates and compensates for disturbances before they affect the process.

A mathematical technique for transforming a time domain function into the s-domain.

A heuristic method for tuning a PID controller based on characteristic system responses.

A component responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system.

A device that detects or measures a physical property and records, indicates, or otherwise responds to it.

A graphical representation of a system's frequency response, plotted with magnitude and phase against frequency.

A type of control system that operates without using feedback.

A control system that uses feedback to compare the actual output to the desired output response.

A classification of control systems based on the number of poles at the origin of the s-plane.

The extent to which a system exceeds its desired response before reaching steady state.

The time taken for the system's response to reach and remain within a certain error band around the final value.

A measure of how much a system amplifies the input signal.

The parameter characterizing the response speed of a first-order system.

Occurs when the output of a system lags behind the input signal in terms of phase.

Occurs when the output of a system leads the input signal in terms of phase.

The ability of a system to return to its steady state after a disturbance.

A stability criterion that relates the open-loop frequency response of a system to its closed-loop stability.

A dimensionless measure describing how oscillations in a system decay after a disturbance.

The frequency at which a system oscillates in the absence of any damping or driving forces.

The range of frequencies over which the system can properly respond or maintain a certain performance level.

External inputs that can affect the performance of a control system but are not part of the reference input.

The ability of a system to be driven from any initial state to any final state within a finite time frame, with appropriate input.

A controller that increases the phase margin and improves the transient response of a system.

A controller designed to increase steady-state accuracy without significantly affecting stability.

A graphical method for determining the roots of the characteristic equation as the system parameters are varied.

A mathematical modeling framework using vectors of state variables.

The difference between a system's output and the desired output as time goes to infinity.