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Trade winds are the easterly winds found in the tropics, near the Earth's equator. They significantly affect maritime and weather patterns, and played an important historical role in trade routes between continents.

Condensation is the process by which water vapor in the air is changed into liquid water. This is significant in the formation of clouds and precipitation, and also in releasing latent heat which can influence atmospheric circulation.

The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the troposphere. Significant for containing the ozone layer, which protects life by blocking harmful UV radiation from the Sun.

The Coriolis Effect is the deflection of moving objects when they are viewed in a rotating reference frame, like Earth's rotation. In meteorology, it is significant for influencing wind and ocean current directions, typically causing a clockwise rotation in the Northern Hemisphere and counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.

A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that extends from a thunderstorm to the ground. Significant due to their destructive potential, they are measured by the Enhanced Fujita Scale and commonly occur in Tornado Alley in the US.

A hygrometer is an instrument used to measure the moisture content or the humidity of air or any other gas. It is significant in meteorology for understanding and predicting weather phenomena such as dew, fog, and precipitation.

Barometric pressure, or atmospheric pressure, is the force exerted by the atmosphere at a given point. It is significant in meteorology because it influences weather patterns and is a key variable in predicting weather changes.

El Niño is a climate pattern that describes the unusual warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Its significance lies in its ability to alter weather patterns across the globe, causing various extreme weather events.

A jet stream is a narrow band of strong winds in the upper levels of the atmosphere that typically flow from west to east over the mid-latitudes. It is significant because it influences weather patterns and the movement of storm systems.

Albedo is a measure of the reflectivity of a surface, usually expressed as a percentage. It is significant in Earth’s energy balance because surfaces with high albedo, like ice caps, can reflect more solar radiation back into space.

The greenhouse effect is the warming of Earth's surface caused by the trapping of heat by certain gases in the atmosphere (like CO2). It's significant as it keeps the planet's climate warm enough to support life, but excessive greenhouse gases can lead to global warming.