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A chemical weathering process where oxygen reacts with minerals, particularly those containing iron, to form oxides. Example: $4FeO + 3O_2 \rightarrow 2Fe_2O_3.$

The breakdown of rock by chemical reactions, leading to rock decay. Common in moist, warm climates. Examples include oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation.

The mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces without changing the rock's mineral composition. Prevalent in arid and cold climates. Examples include frost wedging, exfoliation, and thermal expansion.

A form of physical weathering where rock is worn away by friction and impact from other materials, such as sand carried by wind, water, or ice.

Also known as biogeochemical weathering, it involves living organisms breaking down rock physically or chemically. Common with plant roots and lichen.

A chemical weathering process where $CO_2$ dissolved in rainwater forms weak carbonic acid that reacts with minerals like calcium carbonate to form soluble bicarbonates.

A type of erosion where the force of water or waves strikes against rock surfaces, compressing air in cracks and causing the rock to break apart.

The wearing away of land or the removal of beach or dune sediments by wave action. Coastal features like arches and sea stacks are a result of this erosion.

A type of physical weathering that occurs when salt solutions seep into cracks and evaporate, leaving salt crystals to grow and exert pressure on the rock.