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Description: A severe snowstorm with strong winds and low visibility. Cause: Warm moist air rising over cold air, leading to snow formation and strong wind gusts. Potential effects: Hazardous traveling conditions, road closures, damage to power lines and trees, risk to livestock, and threats to human life due to cold exposure.

Description: A tropical cyclone with sustained winds of 74 miles per hour or higher. Cause: Warm ocean waters and atmospheric conditions that allow for thunderstorms to form and consolidate into a larger storm. Potential effects: High winds, storm surges, flooding, and heavy rainfall leading to property damage, loss of life, and environmental destruction.

Description: An extended period of deficient rainfall relative to the statistical multi-year average for a region. Cause: Variations in weather patterns, changes in ocean temperature (such as La Niña), deforestation, and overuse of water resources. Potential effects: Water shortages, crop failure, soil degradation, and economic losses.

Description: A series of large ocean waves caused by disturbances such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides. Cause: Displacement of a large volume of water. Potential effects: Flooding of coastal areas, destruction of infrastructure, loss of life, and alterations to the landscape.

Description: Vibrations in the Earth's crust caused by the sudden release of energy. Cause: Movement along faults, volcanic activity, or by man-made explosions. Potential effects: Ground shaking, surface rupture, structural damage, tsunamis (when undersea quakes occur), and loss of life.

Description: Movement of rock, earth, or debris down a slope. Cause: Erosion, heavy rainfall, earthquakes, volcanic activity or human activity. Potential effects: Destruction of structures, blockage of transportation routes, habitat destruction, and potential casualties.

Description: An uncontrolled fire in an area of combustible vegetation. Cause: Human activity such as land clearing and campfires, natural causes like lightning, or dry conditions combined with high temperatures and winds. Potential effects: Habitat destruction, air pollution, release of carbon dioxide, loss of property, and harm to wildlife and humans.

Description: A rapidly rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Cause: The interaction between cold, dry air and warm, humid air, often at the boundary of a cold front. Potential effects: Extreme winds, destruction of structures, uprooting of vegetation, and creation of flying debris.

Description: An overflow of water onto normally dry land. Cause: Heavy rainfall, river overflow, dam breaches, or rapid melting of snow or ice. Potential effects: Water damage to property, loss of crops and livestock, spreading of waterborne diseases, and disruptions to transportation.