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Geological Time Scale
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Silurian
444 to 419 million years ago; first jawed fish, terrestrial ecosystems established.
Devonian
419 to 359 million years ago; 'Age of Fishes', first forests, tetrapods emerge.
Miocene
23 to 5.3 million years ago; apes evolve, mountain building, Antarctic ice sheet forms.
Carboniferous
359 to 299 million years ago; vast swampy forests, coal deposits formed, amniotes spread.
Eocene
56 to 34 million years ago; warm climate, early primates appear, whales enter the seas.
Jurassic
201 to 145 million years ago; 'Age of Reptiles', rise of dinosaurs and bird ancestors.
Cretaceous
145 to 66 million years ago; flowering plants appear, mass extinction at end.
Paleocene
66 to 56 million years ago; recovery from K-Pg extinction, mammals diversify.
Permian
299 to 252 million years ago; supercontinent Pangea, mass extinction event.
Ordovician
485 to 444 million years ago; marine life flourished, first land plants appeared.
Oligocene
34 to 23 million years ago; climate cooling, grasslands expand, early horses.
Triassic
252 to 201 million years ago; recovery from mass extinction, first dinosaurs.
Pliocene
5.3 to 2.6 million years ago; cooling climate, hominins appear, Panama Isthmus connects North and South America.
Cambrian
541 to 485 million years ago; mark of the Paleozoic Era; 'Cambrian Explosion' of life.
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