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Seed Dispersal Mechanisms
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Wind Dispersal
Dandelions and Maple trees use lightweight structures like parachutes and wings respectively to be carried by the wind.
Animal External Dispersal
Burdock uses hooks to attach to animal fur, while cocklebur has spines that cling to animals for dispersal.
Animal Internal Dispersal
Cherries and apples have seeds that pass through the digestive system of animals after the fruit is eaten.
Water Dispersal
Coconut palm uses buoyant seeds that can travel across oceans, while water lily has seeds that float and disperse in water bodies.
Explosive Dispersal
The witch hazel and the squirting cucumber have seed pods that burst, catapulting seeds away from the parent plant.
Gravity Dispersal
Apple and plum trees drop their seeds directly below the parent plant due to gravity.
Ballistic Dispersal
The sandbox tree and touch-me-not plant have seeds that are thrown from the parent plant when their pods dry and crack open.
Ant Dispersal (Myrmecochory)
Bloodroot and trillium have seeds with a fatty outer layer that ants carry back to their nest, discarding the seed in the process.
Bird Dispersal
Mistletoe and juniper trees rely on birds to eat their berries, with seeds then being excreted in different locations.
Rodent Dispersal
Pines and oaks benefit from squirrels that bury nuts and seeds, which can result in new plant growth if forgotten.
Attachment Dispersal
Tickseeds and cockleburs have barbed seeds that cling to animal fur and feathers for transport.
Caching Dispersal
Walnuts and acorns are often buried by animals like squirrels for future food reserves, potentially leading to new growth.
Crawling Dispersal
Certain seeds have structures that allow them to slowly move or 'crawl' along the ground as they are blown by the wind.
Tumbleweed Dispersal
The Russian thistle detaches from its root and tumbles in the wind, dispersing seeds over a wide area as it moves.
Piloted Dispersal
Seeds of the Javan cucumber are spread by orangutans who carry and deposit them in new locations.
Mud Dispersal
Lotus seeds may stick to animal hooves or human footwear and be transported to new areas within mud.
Boat Dispersal
Seeds of certain aquatic plants can attach to the bottoms of boats and be moved across different water bodies.
Jet Propulsion Dispersal
The hairy bittercress plant disperses its seeds by abruptly releasing built-up tension in the seed pods, shooting seeds out at high speed.
Splitting Dispersal
The seed pods of the balsam plant dry out and split, scattering seeds in the surrounding area.
Rain Splash Dispersal
The jewelweed plant disperses its seeds when raindrops hit the seed pods, causing them to burst open and scatter seeds.
Fungal Dispersal
Some fungi, like Pilobolus, actively shoot their spores towards light, which is a form of seed dispersal for fungal reproduction.
Dehiscence
Peas and beans use dehiscence, where the mature seed pods split open to release the seeds.
Serpent Dispersal
The attractant seeds of some plants may be consumed by reptiles like snakes, with seeds surviving digestion and being excreted later.
Plumed Dispersal
Clematis and milkweed produce seeds with long, silky hairs that act like parachutes to be carried by the wind.
Gliding Dispersal
The seeds of the tropical rainforest tree Alsomitra macrocarpa have wings that allow them to glide through air currents.
Elastic Dispersal
The seed pods of the Impatiens plant use tension to snap open and fling seeds away from the parent plant.
Buoyant Dispersal
Seeds of the sea bean (drift seeds) are buoyant and can be carried over vast distances by ocean currents.
Barochory
The goblin's gold moss has dense and heavy seeds that fall close to the parent plant and are not influenced by wind or animals.
Volant Dispersal
The seeds of the Alsomitra macrocarpa, a type of climbing gourd, are winged and can be carried by wind over large distances.
Helicopter Dispersal
The samara fruit of the maple tree spins as it falls, slowing descent and allowing wind to carry the seed further.
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