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Seed Dispersal Mechanisms

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Animal Internal Dispersal

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Cherries and apples have seeds that pass through the digestive system of animals after the fruit is eaten.

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Jet Propulsion Dispersal

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The hairy bittercress plant disperses its seeds by abruptly releasing built-up tension in the seed pods, shooting seeds out at high speed.

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Dehiscence

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Peas and beans use dehiscence, where the mature seed pods split open to release the seeds.

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Explosive Dispersal

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The witch hazel and the squirting cucumber have seed pods that burst, catapulting seeds away from the parent plant.

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Gliding Dispersal

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The seeds of the tropical rainforest tree Alsomitra macrocarpa have wings that allow them to glide through air currents.

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Animal External Dispersal

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Burdock uses hooks to attach to animal fur, while cocklebur has spines that cling to animals for dispersal.

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Crawling Dispersal

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Certain seeds have structures that allow them to slowly move or 'crawl' along the ground as they are blown by the wind.

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Tumbleweed Dispersal

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The Russian thistle detaches from its root and tumbles in the wind, dispersing seeds over a wide area as it moves.

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Buoyant Dispersal

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Seeds of the sea bean (drift seeds) are buoyant and can be carried over vast distances by ocean currents.

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Caching Dispersal

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Walnuts and acorns are often buried by animals like squirrels for future food reserves, potentially leading to new growth.

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Splitting Dispersal

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The seed pods of the balsam plant dry out and split, scattering seeds in the surrounding area.

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Helicopter Dispersal

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The samara fruit of the maple tree spins as it falls, slowing descent and allowing wind to carry the seed further.

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Ant Dispersal (Myrmecochory)

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Bloodroot and trillium have seeds with a fatty outer layer that ants carry back to their nest, discarding the seed in the process.

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Piloted Dispersal

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Seeds of the Javan cucumber are spread by orangutans who carry and deposit them in new locations.

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Barochory

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The goblin's gold moss has dense and heavy seeds that fall close to the parent plant and are not influenced by wind or animals.

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Rodent Dispersal

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Pines and oaks benefit from squirrels that bury nuts and seeds, which can result in new plant growth if forgotten.

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Plumed Dispersal

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Clematis and milkweed produce seeds with long, silky hairs that act like parachutes to be carried by the wind.

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Water Dispersal

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Coconut palm uses buoyant seeds that can travel across oceans, while water lily has seeds that float and disperse in water bodies.

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Boat Dispersal

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Seeds of certain aquatic plants can attach to the bottoms of boats and be moved across different water bodies.

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Attachment Dispersal

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Tickseeds and cockleburs have barbed seeds that cling to animal fur and feathers for transport.

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Elastic Dispersal

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The seed pods of the Impatiens plant use tension to snap open and fling seeds away from the parent plant.

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Ballistic Dispersal

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The sandbox tree and touch-me-not plant have seeds that are thrown from the parent plant when their pods dry and crack open.

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Gravity Dispersal

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Apple and plum trees drop their seeds directly below the parent plant due to gravity.

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Mud Dispersal

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Lotus seeds may stick to animal hooves or human footwear and be transported to new areas within mud.

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Rain Splash Dispersal

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The jewelweed plant disperses its seeds when raindrops hit the seed pods, causing them to burst open and scatter seeds.

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Serpent Dispersal

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The attractant seeds of some plants may be consumed by reptiles like snakes, with seeds surviving digestion and being excreted later.

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Volant Dispersal

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The seeds of the Alsomitra macrocarpa, a type of climbing gourd, are winged and can be carried by wind over large distances.

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Wind Dispersal

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Dandelions and Maple trees use lightweight structures like parachutes and wings respectively to be carried by the wind.

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Fungal Dispersal

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Some fungi, like Pilobolus, actively shoot their spores towards light, which is a form of seed dispersal for fungal reproduction.

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Bird Dispersal

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Mistletoe and juniper trees rely on birds to eat their berries, with seeds then being excreted in different locations.

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