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A chemical treatment applied to cotton yarn or fabric to increase its luster, strength, and affinity for dye.

The set of lengthwise yarns held in tension on a loom. Warp yarns are interwoven with weft yarns to create various textiles.

The number of single yarns twisted together to make a ply yarn. Plying multiple yarns can enhance strength, texture, or thickness.

A type of loom that controls all the warp yarns individually. It allows for the weaving of more complex patterns beyond plain weave.

A finishing process that raises the surface fibers of fabric to create a soft, fuzzy texture, often found in fabrics like flannel.

A method of dyeing fabric by using a wax resist technique. Wax is applied to areas of the fabric to prevent dye from penetrating those zones.

An advanced type of loom that uses a series of punched cards or electronic commands to create intricate patterns in the weave.

The yarn woven horizontally across the warp to create a textile. It is the filler yarn that is inserted over-and-under the warp.

The self-finished edge of fabric that prevents it from unraveling and fraying. It runs parallel to the warp.

The process of matting, condensing, and pressing fibers together. Felting can be done via wet or needle techniques to create non-woven fabric.

A finishing process that involves cleansing and thickening of woven or knitted wool fabrics through moisture, heat, and friction.

A process that applies a protective adhesive coating to the yarn or fabric to enhance strength and reduce breakage during weaving.

A process that disentangles, cleans, and intermixes fibers to produce a continuous web suitable for subsequent processing.

The process of twisting fibers into yarn or thread. Spinning can be done by hand or with a spinning wheel or machine.

A unit of measurement that indicates the fiber thickness or density of yarn. A higher denier implies a thicker and often sturdier yarn.

A type of weave with a pattern of diagonal parallel ribs. This weaving technique is used for denim, tweed, and gabardine.

Cutting fabric at a 45-degree angle to the grain, allowing it to drape more fluidly. This technique is often used in making garments that require stretch and fit.