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Famous Kings and Queens
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Elizabeth I of England
Reign: 1558-1603; Events: Elizabethan era, defeat of the Spanish Armada, supported the arts.
Akbar the Great
Reign: 1556-1605; Events: Expanded Mughal Empire, established religious tolerance, patronized arts and culture.
Louis XIV of France
Reign: 1643-1715; Events: Known as the Sun King, built the Palace of Versailles, established absolute monarchy.
Empress Dowager Cixi
Reign: 1861-1908; Events: De facto ruler during the late Qing dynasty, supported the Self-Strengthening Movement, opposed the Hundred Days' Reform.
Cleopatra VII
Reign: 51-30 BC; Events: Last active Pharaoh of Egypt, alliances with Roman leaders, Battle of Actium.
Queen Victoria
Reign: 1837-1901; Events: Victorian era, expansion of British Empire, Empress of India.
Alexander the Great
Reign: 336-323 BC; Events: Conquered Persian Empire, spread Hellenism, founded Alexandria.
Charlemagne
Reign: 768-814 AD; Events: United much of Western Europe, crowned Holy Roman Emperor, Carolingian Renaissance.
Peter the Great
Reign: 1682-1725; Events: Westernized Russia, built St. Petersburg, Great Northern War.
Philip II of Spain
Reign: 1556-1598; Events: Spanish Armada, annexation of Portugal, zenith of Spanish power.
Napoleon Bonaparte
Reign: 1804-1814/1815; Events: Napoleonic Wars, Code Napoleon, sale of the Louisiana Territory.
Emperor Meiji
Reign: 1867-1912; Events: Meiji Restoration, rapid industrialization of Japan, Anglo-Japanese Alliance.
Genghis Khan
Reign: 1206-1227; Events: Founded the Mongol Empire, created the largest contiguous empire in history, Pax Mongolica.
Ivan the Terrible
Reign: 1547-1584; Events: First Tsar of Russia, Oprichnina, conquest of the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan and Sibir.
Queen Nefertiti
Reign: c. 1370 - c. 1330 BC (Queen Consort); Events: Religious revolution with Akhenaten, notable for her bust representation, Amarna period.
Queen Elizabeth II
Reign: 1952-2022; Events: Longest-reigning current monarch, decolonization of Africa and the Caribbean, witnessed multiple economic downturns.
Henry VIII of England
Reign: 1509-1547; Events: The English Reformation, had six wives, formation of the Church of England.
King Richard I of England
Reign: 1189-1199; Events: Third Crusade, Battle of Arsuf, developed chivalry and troubadour culture.
Julius Caesar
Reign: Dictator in perpetuity, 44 BC; Events: Gallic Wars, crossing the Rubicon, Ides of March assassination.
Ramesses II
Reign: 1279-1213 BC; Events: Battle of Kadesh, signed first known peace treaty, extensive building projects.
Emperor Qin Shi Huang
Reign: 221-210 BC; Events: First Emperor of a unified China, built the Terracotta Army, initiated the Great Wall.
Catherine the Great
Reign: 1762-1796; Events: Expanded the Russian Empire, led European cultural influence in Russia, Pugachev's Rebellion.
Suleiman the Magnificent
Reign: 1520-1566; Events: Expansion of the Ottoman Empire, legal and cultural reforms, Siege of Vienna.
Isabella I of Castile
Reign: 1474-1504; Events: Sponsored Columbus' voyage, completion of the Reconquista, established the Spanish Inquisition.
Shah Jahan
Reign: 1628-1658; Events: Construction of the Taj Mahal, peak of Mughal architectural achievements, expansion of the empire.
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