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Founded in the 1st millennium BC, it is widely referred to as the cradle of Western civilization.

Founded by Alexander the Great in 331 BC, it was an important center of Hellenistic civilization.

Founded around 3000 BC, a key religious center for Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Founded in 753 BC as the center of the Roman Empire.

Founded in 330 AD, it was the capital of the Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman empires.

Founded 1045 BC; became the capital of the Ming Dynasty in 1420, it is the political center of China.

Founded in 762 AD by the Abbasids; was a leading center during the Islamic Golden Age.

Founded in the 3rd century BC by a Celtic people known as the Parisii, it became an important center of commerce and culture.

Founded in 969 AD, it has been the center of the Arab world and Islamic civilization.

Founded in 1325 AD; the Aztec capital city is now Mexico City.

Founded in the 12th century AD, was the historic capital of the Inca Empire.

Founded in 1325 AD as Tenochtitlan; became the capital of the Spanish colony and then of Mexico.

Founded in 1788 as the first British colony in Australia, it has become one of Australia's most famous cities.

Founded as New Amsterdam by the Dutch in 1624, it became a melting pot of cultures and an economic powerhouse.

Initially a small fishing village called Edo, became the de facto capital in 1603 and the official capital in 1868.

Founded by Tsar Peter the Great in 1703 as Russia's 'window to the West.'

Founded in 1781; today it is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California.

Founded by the Romans in 43 AD as Londinium, it has pivotal roles in the English monarchy and the British Empire.

Founded in the 6th century BC, it has been a capital of various empires and is now the capital of India.