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Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, posited that change is the fundamental essence of the universe, as famously expressed through the phrase 'panta rhei' meaning 'everything flows'.

Chinese teacher, editor, politician, and philosopher of the Spring and Autumn period of Chinese history, emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, and sincerity.

Ancient Ionian Greek philosopher and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism. Best known for the Pythagorean theorem in mathematics but also had beliefs in reincarnation, the immortality of the soul, and that all reality is mathematical in nature.

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. Protagoras is known for his dictum 'Man is the measure of all things', an assertion that indicates his relativistic philosophical stance.

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher, best known for his paradoxes that challenge motion and change, suggesting the impossibility of motion, such as the paradoxes involving Achilles and the tortoise and the Dichotomy paradox.

Pre-Socratic philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer who is recognized for having predicted the solar eclipse of 585 BC and for his theorem about the deductive nature of geometry.

Pre-Socratic philosopher who held that the first principle and ultimate substance of things is the 'apeiron' (infinite, unlimited), positing that it encompasses and steers all things.

Ancient Chinese philosopher, best known as the author of the Dao De Jing and for the foundation of Daoism which emphasizes harmony with the Tao.

An Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory for the universe.

Student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great, wrote on diverse subjects including physics, metaphysics, poetry, theater, music, logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics, ethics, metaphysics, and biology.

Ancient Greek philosopher who founded the school of philosophy called Epicureanism. For him, the greatest good was to seek modest, sustainable pleasure in the form of tranquility and freedom from fear (ataraxia) and bodily pain (aponia) through knowledge, friendship, and virtuous, temperate living.

Pre-Socratic philosopher and a citizen of Akragas, a Greek city in Sicily. Empedocles' philosophy is best known for originating the cosmogonic theory of the four classical elements (fire, air, earth, and water). He also proposed powers called Love and Strife which would mix and separate the elements.

Student of Socrates, wrote 'The Republic', established the Academy in Athens, espoused the idea of philosopher-kings, and developed the Theory of Forms.

Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who posited that reality is single and immutable. Known for his argument against the reality of change and his influence on the metaphysical concept of being.

A Greek philosopher and one of the most famous figures of Cynic philosophy, he believed that virtue was better revealed in action than in theory and used his simple lifestyle and behavior to criticize the social values and institutions of what he saw as a corrupt society.