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Cold War Incidents and Crises
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Berlin Blockade
1948-1949: The first major international crisis of the Cold War, where the Soviet Union blocked the Western Allies' railway, road, and canal access to the sectors of Berlin under Western control.
Korean War
1950-1953: A conflict between North Korea, with the support of China and the Soviet Union, and South Korea, with the support of the United Nations, particularly the US.
Suez Crisis
1956: Egypt nationalizes the Suez Canal, previously controlled by British and French interests, leading to a failed intervention by Britain, France, and Israel.
Hungarian Revolution
1956: A nationwide revolution against the Hungarian People's Republic and its Soviet-imposed policies, eventually crushed by the Soviet army.
U-2 Incident
May 1, 1960: A United States U-2 spy plane was shot down by the Soviet Union, leading to heightened tensions and the cancellation of a summit meeting between the US and the USSR.
Berlin Crisis of 1961
1961: A crisis where the USSR demanded the withdrawal of US armed forces from Berlin, culminating in the erection of the Berlin Wall.
Cuban Missile Crisis
October 1962: A 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union over Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba, the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war.
Prague Spring
1968: A period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union after World War II.
Sino-Soviet border conflict
1969: A series of military clashes between Soviet and Chinese forces at the border, part of the larger Sino-Soviet split.
Invasion of Afghanistan
December 24, 1979 - February 15, 1989: The Soviet Union invades Afghanistan to support the communist government against insurgent groups.
Solidarity movement
Established on August 14, 1980: A Polish labor union that was the first non-Communist Party-controlled trade union in a Warsaw Pact country, significant for its role in the fall of communism.
Able Archer 83
November 2-11, 1983: A ten-day NATO command post exercise that the Soviets might have mistaken for an actual operation, nearly leading to a nuclear conflict.
Grenada Invasion
October 25–December 15, 1983: A US-led invasion of Grenada, following a coup and fears of a pro-Soviet shift.
Iran-Contra Affair
Revealed in November 1986: A political scandal in the United States that occurred during the second term of the Reagan Administration, involving the sale of arms to Iran and the diversion of proceeds to Contra rebels in Nicaragua.
Fall of the Berlin Wall
November 9, 1989: The physical barrier separating West Berlin from East Berlin and the rest of East Germany was opened, leading to the eventual reunification of Germany.
Tiananmen Square Massacre
June 4, 1989: Chinese troops opened fire on their own citizens during a pro-democracy protest in Beijing, an event with global Cold War implications.
Soviet Coup Attempt
August 19–21, 1991: A failed coup d'état attempt by members of the Soviet Union's government that aimed to take control from Mikhail Gorbachev.
Strategic Defense Initiative
Announced on March 23, 1983: A proposed missile defense system intended to protect the United States from attack by ballistic strategic nuclear weapons, also known as 'Star Wars'.
Vietnam War
November 1, 1955 - April 30, 1975: A long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States.
Czechoslovakia's Velvet Revolution
November 17–December 29, 1989: A non-violent transition of power in what was then Czechoslovakia, marking the end of communism in the country.
Polish Martial Law
December 13, 1981 – July 22, 1983: Imposed by the People's Republic of Poland's government to crush political opposition, particularly the Solidarity movement.
Space Race
1957-1975: The competition between the Soviet Union and the United States to achieve firsts in spaceflight capability, highlighting Cold War tensions and technological advances.
Yom Kippur War
October 6–25, 1973: A war fought by a coalition of Arab states led by Egypt and Syria against Israel, with both the US and the USSR supporting their respective allies.
Bay of Pigs Invasion
April 17–20, 1961: An unsuccessful invasion of Cuba by Cuban exiles, supported by the U.S. government.
The Helsinki Accords
Signed on August 1, 1975: An agreement between 35 nations that concluded the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe, held in Helsinki, Finland. The Accords addressed a range of prominent global issues and had far-reaching effects on the Cold War and U.S.-Soviet relations.
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