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Historical Capitals
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Constantinople
Byzantine Empire/Ottoman Empire, c. 330–1930
Tenochtitlan
Aztec Empire, c. 1325–1521
Cusco
Inca Empire, 13th century–1533
Philadelphia
United States of America, 1790–1800
Baghdad
Abbasid Caliphate, 762–1258
Persepolis
Achaemenid Empire, 515–330 BC
Memphis
Ancient Egypt, Dates vary across dynasties
Kyoto
Japan, 794–1868
Rome
Roman Republic/Empire (c. 27 BC - 476 AD), Italy (1871–present)
Karachi
Pakistan, 1947–1959
Bonn
West Germany, 1949–1990
Saint Petersburg
Russia, 1712–1918
Agra
Mughal Empire, 1526–1658
New York
United States of America, 1785–1790
Nanjing
China, Multiple periods including Ming Dynasty (1368–1421) and Republic of China (1927–1949)
Fez
Morocco, 789–1070; 1250–1912
Marrakech
Morocco, 1070–1147; 1550–1659
Calcutta (now Kolkata)
British India, 1772–1911
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil, 1763–1960
Salvador
Brazil, 1549–1763
Granada
Moorish Andalusia, 1013–1492
Florence
Italy, 1865–1871
Preslav
First Bulgarian Empire, 893–972
Turin
Italy, 1861–1865
Thang Long (now Hanoi)
Vietnam, 1010–1802; 1831–1887; 1902–1954; 1976–present
Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan civilization, c. 1st century AD–7th century AD
Sukhothai
Sukhothai Kingdom, 1238–1438
Lancaster
England, Multiple occasions in the 14th and 15th centuries
Sardis
Lydia, c. 7th–6th century BC
Ani
Bagratid Armenia, 961–1045; Byzantine Empire, 1045–1064
Aksum
Aksumite Empire, 1st–7th century AD
Mdina
Malta, antiquity–1530
Lahore
Pakistan (during Mughal and Sikh empires), c. 1584–1757; 1799–1849
Aachen
Carolingian Empire, 792–814
Pagan (now Bagan)
Pagan Kingdom, 9th–13th centuries
Varanasi
Kashi Kingdom in Ancient India, dates are uncertain
Kaifeng
China, during the Northern Song Dynasty, 960–1127
Hastinapur
Kuru Kingdom in Ancient India, time period uncertain but prominently before 500 BC
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