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Historical Capitals
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Aksum
Aksumite Empire, 1st–7th century AD
Persepolis
Achaemenid Empire, 515–330 BC
Thang Long (now Hanoi)
Vietnam, 1010–1802; 1831–1887; 1902–1954; 1976–present
Cusco
Inca Empire, 13th century–1533
Bonn
West Germany, 1949–1990
Turin
Italy, 1861–1865
Preslav
First Bulgarian Empire, 893–972
Teotihuacan
Teotihuacan civilization, c. 1st century AD–7th century AD
Saint Petersburg
Russia, 1712–1918
Ani
Bagratid Armenia, 961–1045; Byzantine Empire, 1045–1064
Pagan (now Bagan)
Pagan Kingdom, 9th–13th centuries
Calcutta (now Kolkata)
British India, 1772–1911
Florence
Italy, 1865–1871
Sukhothai
Sukhothai Kingdom, 1238–1438
Karachi
Pakistan, 1947–1959
New York
United States of America, 1785–1790
Philadelphia
United States of America, 1790–1800
Granada
Moorish Andalusia, 1013–1492
Memphis
Ancient Egypt, Dates vary across dynasties
Kaifeng
China, during the Northern Song Dynasty, 960–1127
Kyoto
Japan, 794–1868
Varanasi
Kashi Kingdom in Ancient India, dates are uncertain
Agra
Mughal Empire, 1526–1658
Constantinople
Byzantine Empire/Ottoman Empire, c. 330–1930
Tenochtitlan
Aztec Empire, c. 1325–1521
Fez
Morocco, 789–1070; 1250–1912
Sardis
Lydia, c. 7th–6th century BC
Baghdad
Abbasid Caliphate, 762–1258
Marrakech
Morocco, 1070–1147; 1550–1659
Rome
Roman Republic/Empire (c. 27 BC - 476 AD), Italy (1871–present)
Rio de Janeiro
Brazil, 1763–1960
Hastinapur
Kuru Kingdom in Ancient India, time period uncertain but prominently before 500 BC
Nanjing
China, Multiple periods including Ming Dynasty (1368–1421) and Republic of China (1927–1949)
Mdina
Malta, antiquity–1530
Aachen
Carolingian Empire, 792–814
Salvador
Brazil, 1549–1763
Lancaster
England, Multiple occasions in the 14th and 15th centuries
Lahore
Pakistan (during Mughal and Sikh empires), c. 1584–1757; 1799–1849
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