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French Revolution Key Events
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May 5, 1789: Meeting of the Estates-General
The Estates-General convened to address the financial crisis but led to contention between the Third Estate and the privileged classes. Aftermath included the Third Estate declaring itself the National Assembly and leading to the Tennis Court Oath.
June 20, 1789: Tennis Court Oath
Members of the National Assembly took the Tennis Court Oath vowing not to disband until a new constitution was created. It was a pivotal event that escalated the revolution. Afterwards, the National Assembly gained more support from the people and some members of the clergy and nobility.
July 14, 1789: Storming of the Bastille
Revolutionary crowds stormed the Bastille, a royal fortress, which became a symbol of the tyranny of the Bourbon monarchy. The event is seen as the starting point of the French Revolution. Aftermath involved the fall of the monarchy and the rise of the Paris Commune.
August 26, 1789: Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
The National Assembly adopted the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, proclaiming liberty, equality, and fraternity as fundamental rights. Aftermath saw the principles of the declaration shape the new constitution and influence legal systems worldwide.
October 5-6, 1789: Women's March on Versailles
Thousands of Parisian women marched to Versailles to demand bread and forced the royal family to relocate to Paris. The event effectively ended the independence of the monarchy. Aftermath saw increased pressure on the king to support revolutionary changes and the royal family being kept under surveillance.
June 1791: Flight to Varennes
King Louis XVI and his family attempted to escape Paris to initiate a counter-revolution but were intercepted at Varennes. The abortive escape attempt weakened the monarchy's legitimacy. Aftermath led to increased calls for republicanism and a rise in radical political groups.
September 1791: Adoption of the Constitution of 1791
The first written constitution of France was adopted, establishing a constitutional monarchy with the Legislative Assembly. The aftermath created political divisions and set the stage for further revolutionary conflicts.
April 20, 1792: France declares war on Austria
The Legislative Assembly declared war on Austria, starting the War of the First Coalition and revolutionary wars across Europe. The aftermath saw the rise of radicalism and external threats strengthening the revolutionaries’ resolve.
August 10, 1792: Storming of the Tuileries Palace
Insurgents, supported by the newly formed Paris Commune, stormed the Tuileries Palace, leading to the eventual imprisonment of the royal family. The aftermath included the suspension of the monarchy and eventually the proclamation of the First French Republic.
September 1792: September Massacres
Radical revolutionaries killed prisoners whom they feared would rise against the revolution, resulting in over a thousand deaths. Aftermath included increased violence in the revolution and a deepening of the Reign of Terror.
September 21, 1792: Proclamation of the First French Republic
The monarchy was abolished, and France was declared a republic. The shift led to a redefinition of French society and politics. The aftermath saw the establishment of the National Convention and escalating revolutionary fervor.
January 21, 1793: Execution of King Louis XVI
King Louis XVI was guillotined after being convicted of treason, which sent shockwaves across Europe. The aftermath deepened the resolve for republicanism but also led to increased hostilities from monarchies across the continent.
March to July 1793: Revolt in the Vendée
A large counter-revolutionary rebellion occurred in the Vendée region. The brutal suppression by revolutionary forces saw tens of thousands of deaths. Aftermath included further polarization and increased repression by the government.
June 2, 1793: Purge of the Girondins
The National Convention arrested and ousted the moderate Girondin delegates, consolidating power in the hands of the radical Jacobins. This led to a more radical phase in the revolution. The aftermath included a strengthening of the Committee of Public Safety and a ramping up of the Reign of Terror.
September 1793 to July 1794: Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror was a period of intense violence and repression aimed at purging enemies of the revolution, leading to thousands of executions. Aftermath included the consolidation of revolutionary power but also eventually the fall of Robespierre and a reaction against the excesses of terror.
June 27, 1794: Fall of Robespierre
Maximilien Robespierre, a leading figure of the revolution, was arrested and executed, signaling the end of the Reign of Terror. The aftermath included the establishment of the Thermidorian Reaction, moving away from radicalism towards more conservative governance.
November 9, 1799: Coup of 18 Brumaire
Napoleon Bonaparte led a coup d'état overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consulate, marking the end of the revolutionary government. The aftermath saw the rise of Napoleon as a political leader and the start of his rule over France.
July 12, 1790: Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy sought to subordinate the Catholic Church in France to the government, leading to a significant church-state conflict. Aftermath included a schism within the French clergy and increased anti-clericalism throughout the revolution.
July 1793: Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat
Radical journalist and politician Jean-Paul Marat was assassinated by Charlotte Corday, who believed he was fueling the Terror. The aftermath saw Marat revered as a revolutionary martyr and further factionalism within the revolutionary government.
February 1794: Abolition of Slavery in the French Colonies
The National Convention decreed the abolition of slavery in all French colonies. The action was driven by revolutionary ideals and pressure from civil unrest in colonies. In the aftermath, slavery was briefly abolished, but was later reinstated by Napoleon before final abolition in 1848.
1793-1796: War in the Vendée
The War in the Vendée was a royalist revolt and a civil war in western France, part of the wider Wars of the French Revolution. This insurrection was brutally suppressed by republican forces. In the aftermath, the Vendée became symbolic of the violent excesses of the Revolution.
1797: Coup of 18 Fructidor
The Directory staged a coup against the royalists and moderate republicans in the government, consolidating power and preventing a perceived monarchist restoration. After the coup, the Directory deported many political opponents and maintained a fragile grip on power.
June 1795: Quiberon Expedition
The Quiberon Expedition was a failed British-led invasion to support French royalists in Brittany. Its failure secured the revolutionaries' power in France and added to the growing list of Britain's unsuccessful attempts to curb the French Revolution. The aftermath saw increased anti-British sentiment and a temporary strengthening of the revolutionary government.
October 1795: French victory at the Battle of Vendémiaire
French revolutionary troops suppressed the internal royalist insurrection in Paris, with Napoleon Bonaparte playing a notable role in their victory. Post-battle, the government was stabilized, and the Directory took control, leading to Napoleon's rise in military prominence.
1793: Creation of the Revolutionary Tribunal
The Revolutionary Tribunal was established to try political opponents and alleged enemies of the revolution. It became an instrument of the Reign of Terror. After its establishment, the Tribunal contributed to the systematic execution of thousands of individuals, amplifying the climate of fear.
April 1795: Germinal Uprising
The Germinal Uprising was a response to widespread famine and economic hardship that included riots and demonstrations in Paris. The revolt was put down, and the suppression led to increased disenchantment with the Directory and further political unrest.
May 1795: Battle of Prairial
Another uprising, fueled by the economic crisis and dissatisfaction with the government, was crushed by the army. This led to further strengthening of the military's role in governance and support for the embattled Directory regime.
July 1794: Thermidorian Reaction
The Thermidorian Reaction was a revolt within the National Convention leading to the overthrow of Robespierre and the Jacobin leaders. It marked the end of the most radical phase of the Revolution and ushered in a more conservative period of the Directory.
1795: The White Terror
Following the fall of Robespierre, a period known as the White Terror saw the targeting and persecution of former Jacobins and supporters of the Reign of Terror. The White Terror led to a political backlash and contributed to the instability of the Directory.
November 1799 to December 1799: Constitution of the Year VIII
Following the coup of 18 Brumaire, the Constitution of the Year VIII was adopted, establishing the Consulate with Napoleon as First Consul, effectively ending the revolutionary government. The aftermath saw the centralization of political power and the groundwork for Napoleon's later rule as Emperor.
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