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The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth, marking the beginning of the space age and the start of the Space Race. Country involved: Soviet Union.

Laika, a Soviet space dog, became the first animal to orbit the Earth aboard Sputnik 2, though she did not survive the trip. Country involved: Soviet Union.

The United States successfully launched its first satellite, Explorer 1, which discovered the Van Allen radiation belts. Country involved: United States.

Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet cosmonaut, became the first human to travel into space and orbit the Earth aboard Vostok 1. Country involved: Soviet Union.

Alan Shepard became the first American in space aboard the Freedom 7 capsule during the Mercury-Redstone 3 mission. Country involved: United States.

Valentina Tereshkova became the first woman to travel into space aboard Vostok 6. Country involved: Soviet Union.

Alexei Leonov conducted the first spacewalk (extravehicular activity) during the Voskhod 2 mission, lasting 12 minutes. Country involved: Soviet Union.

The Soviet Luna 9 spacecraft achieved the first successful soft landing on the Moon and transmitted photographic data back to Earth. Country involved: Soviet Union.

Apollo 8 carried the first humans to orbit the Moon, paving the way for the lunar landing missions. Country involved: United States.

Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, aboard the Apollo 11 mission, became the first humans to land on the Moon, with Armstrong being the first to step onto its surface. Country involved: United States.

The Soviet Union launched the world's first space station, Salyut 1, which housed a crew of cosmonauts for 23 days. Country involved: Soviet Union.

Apollo-Soyuz Test Project: U.S. and Soviet crews rendezvoused and docked in space, marking the first international space mission. Countries involved: United States, Soviet Union.

NASA launched the first orbital flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia, marking the first use of a reusable spacecraft. Country involved: United States.

Sally Ride became the first American woman to travel into space aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger during the STS-7 mission. Country involved: United States.

The Soviet Union launched the Mir space station, which served as a microgravity research laboratory and was continuously inhabited for more than a decade. Country involved: Soviet Union.

Russian cosmonaut Sergei Krikalev flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery on the STS-63 mission, marking the first time a Russian crew member participated in a Space Shuttle flight. Country involved: United States.

Zarya, the first module of the International Space Station (ISS), was launched aboard a Russian Proton rocket. Countries involved: Russia, United States.

China's Shenzhou 5 mission made it the third country to independently send humans into space, with Yang Liwei as the first Chinese astronaut (taikonaut). Country involved: China.

SpaceX's Dragon capsule became the first commercial spacecraft to dock with the ISS on the COTS Demo Flight 2 mission. Country involved: United States.