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The American Civil War: Key Facts

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The Battle of Gettysburg

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A pivotal battle from July 1 to July 3, 1863, that resulted in a significant defeat for the Confederacy.

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The Emancipation Proclamation

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An executive order by President Abraham Lincoln (effective January 1, 1863) that freed slaves in Confederate-held territory.

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Jefferson Davis

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The President of the Confederate States of America during the Civil War.

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Ulysses S. Grant

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Commanding General of the Union Army who later became the 18th President of the United States.

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Robert E. Lee

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Commander of the Confederate States Army, known for his tactical brilliance.

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The Battle of Fort Sumter

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The opening confrontation of the Civil War that led to a Confederate victory and the war's initiation.

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Antietam

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The Battle of Antietam, on September 17, 1862, was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history.

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The Anaconda Plan

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The Union's strategic plan to blockade the Southern coast and control the Mississippi River, effectively 'squeezing' the Confederacy.

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The Siege of Vicksburg

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A 47-day siege (May 18 – July 4, 1863) that ended with the surrender of the city of Vicksburg, Mississippi, to Ulysses S. Grant.

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Copperheads

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A faction of northern Democrats who opposed the Civil War and wanted an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates.

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Reconstruction

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The period after the Civil War during which the Southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union (1865-1877).

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The Battle of Atlanta

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A major battle fought on July 22, 1864, that was part of the Atlanta Campaign and ended in a Union victory.

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Appomattox Court House

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The site of General Robert E. Lee's surrender to General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the Civil War.

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The Gettysburg Address

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A speech by President Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of the Soldiers' National Cemetery (November 19, 1863) that reaffirmed the purpose of the war.

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The 13th Amendment

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Ratified on December 6, 1865, this amendment abolished slavery in the United States.

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The Draft Riots of 1863

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Violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of working-class discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight.

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The Trent Affair

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An international diplomatic incident that occurred during the Civil War when the US Navy unlawfully captured two Confederate diplomats from a British ship.

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The Battle of Chancellorsville

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An 1863 battle in Virginia where the Confederates achieved a significant victory despite being heavily outnumbered.

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The Monitor vs. the Merrimack

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The first engagement between ironclad ships during the Civil War, at the Battle of Hampton Roads (March 8-9, 1862), reshaping naval warfare.

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William T. Sherman

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A Union Army general known for his 'March to the Sea' and belief in 'total war'.

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Sherman's March to the Sea

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A military campaign from November to December 1864 during which Union troops led by General Sherman marched from Atlanta to Savannah, destroying infrastructure.

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The First Battle of Bull Run

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The first major land battle of the armies in Virginia, which resulted in a Confederate victory and dispelled the illusion the war would be short.

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The Conscription Act of 1863

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An act passed by the US Congress that allowed for the drafting of citizens into the army, leading to widespread dissent and the Draft Riots.

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Battle of Shiloh

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An early battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought on April 6-7, 1862, with a Union victory.

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John Wilkes Booth

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The American actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford's Theatre on April 14, 1865.

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The Ten-Percent Plan

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President Abraham Lincoln's blueprint for Reconstruction which offered leniency and rapid reintegration for Southern states.

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The Freedmen's Bureau

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The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, established in 1865, to aid freed slaves during the Reconstruction era.

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The Battle of Petersburg

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A series of battles around Petersburg, Virginia, from June 1864 to March 1865 that led to the eventual fall of Richmond, the Confederate capital.

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The Radical Republicans

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A faction within the Republican Party during the Civil War and Reconstruction who advocated for the abolition of slavery and harsh punishments for the Southern states.

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The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

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The 17th U.S. President was impeached by the House of Representatives but acquitted by the Senate in 1868.

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The Compromise of 1877

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An informal deal that settled the 1876 U.S. presidential election, resulted in the federal government pulling the last troops out of the South, and marked the end of Reconstruction.

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The Battle of Chickamauga

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Fought from September 19 to September 20, 1863, this battle was a significant Confederate victory in the Western Theater of the Civil War.

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Julia Ward Howe

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An abolitionist and poet best known for writing 'The Battle Hymn of the Republic', which became a popular Union marching song.

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The Habeas Corpus Suspension Act of 1863

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Legislation that authorized the president of the United States to suspend the writ of habeas corpus during the Civil War.

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The Homestead Act of 1862

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A law that granted 160 acres of public land to any U.S. citizen, intending to encourage Western migration and development.

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The 24th Mass. Vol. Infantry

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A Union regiment consisting of white officers and African American soldiers who fought in the Civil War.

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The Battle of Fredericksburg

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An 1862 battle in Virginia which resulted in one of the most one-sided defeats of the Union Army during the Civil War.

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George B. McClellan

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A Union general who was known for his cautious tactics and his conflicted relationship with President Lincoln.

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The CSS Hunley

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The first combat submarine to sink an enemy warship (USS Housatonic) in 1864 during the Civil War.

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