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Revolutionary Inventions Pre-1800

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Printing Press

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Johannes Gutenberg, 1440, Revolutionized the spread of information and literacy

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Telescope

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Hans Lippershey, 1608, Changed our perception of the universe and facilitated numerous astronomical discoveries

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Microscope

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Zacharias Janssen, c. 1590, Opened up the world of microbiology

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Steam Engine

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Thomas Newcomen, 1712, Laid the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution

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Flush Toilet

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John Harington, 1596, Innovated sanitation and waste disposal

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Pendulum Clock

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Christiaan Huygens, 1656, Increased the accuracy of timekeeping

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Barometer

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Evangelista Torricelli, 1643, Essential for understanding atmospheric pressure and weather prediction

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Thermometer

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Galileo Galilei, 1593, First device to measure temperature variations

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Mechanical Calculator

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Blaise Pascal, 1642, First successful attempt at a mechanical arithmetic machine

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Spinning Jenny

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James Hargreaves, 1764, Multiplied the amount of work a single worker could do in spinning thread or yarn

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Flying Shuttle

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John Kay, 1733, Increased the speed of the weaving process

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Seed Drill

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Jethro Tull, 1701, Improved agricultural productivity by sowing seeds efficiently

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Piano

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Bartolomeo Cristofori, early 18th century, Revolutionized music with dynamic range of sound

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Lightning Rod

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Benjamin Franklin, 1752, Demonstrated the electrical nature of lightning and protected buildings from strikes

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Bifocals

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Benjamin Franklin, c. 1780s, Eyeglasses that allowed correction of vision at two different distances

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Condensing Chamber

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Denis Papin, 1679, Critical to the development of steam engine and steam digester

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Marine Chronometer

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John Harrison, 1761, Enabled precise determination of longitude at sea, improving navigation

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Hot Air Balloon

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Montgolfier brothers, 1783, Opened the chapter for human flight

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Anemometer

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Leon Battista Alberti, 1450, Allowed the measurement of wind speed

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Ambulance

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Dominique Jean Larrey, late 1700s, Originated the concept of rapid transportation of injured individuals to treatment facilities

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