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Time period: 4500 – 1900 BC; Significant contributions: Development of cuneiform writing, invention of the wheel, early advances in mathematics and astronomy.

Time period: circa 3100 BC – 30 BC; Significant contributions: Construction of the pyramids, development of hieroglyphics, significant advancements in medicine and agriculture.

Time period: circa 3300 – 1300 BC; Significant contributions: Urban planning, advanced drainage and water systems, trade with Mesopotamia.

Time period: 800 BC – 146 BC; Significant contributions: Birthplace of Western philosophy, establishment of democracy, advancements in the arts and sciences.

Time period: 753 BC – 476 AD; Significant contributions: Development of law, engineering and architectural innovations, military tactics.

Time period: circa 1600 BC – 1046 BC (Shang Dynasty); Significant contributions: Invention of paper, gunpowder, compass, and printing technology.

Time period: 1500 BC – 300 BC; Significant contributions: Development of the alphabet, advancements in shipbuilding and seafaring, widespread trade network.

Time period: 1894 BC – 539 BC; Significant contributions: Code of Hammurabi, advancements in mathematics and astronomy, monumental architecture like the Hanging Gardens.

Time period: circa 2000 BC – 16th century AD; Significant contributions: Complex calendar system, development of hieroglyphic script, advancements in mathematics and astronomy.

Time period: 1345 AD – 1521 AD; Significant contributions: Engineering and architectural feats, such as the building of Tenochtitlan, development of a complex social and political structure.

Time period: 1438 AD – 1533 AD; Significant contributions: Construction of a vast empire and road systems, architectural sites like Machu Picchu, unique agricultural techniques.

Time period: circa 1600 BC – 1178 BC; Significant contributions: Early use of iron, legal innovations, and military advancements.

Time period: 550 BC – 330 BC (Achaemenid Empire); Significant contributions: Establishment of a bureaucratic administrative system, Zoroastrian religion, construction of the Royal Road.

Time period: circa 2700 BC – 1450 BC; Significant contributions: Advanced plumbing systems, vibrant frescoes, early contributions to Greek mythology.

Time period: circa 1600 BC – 1100 BC; Significant contributions: Development of Linear B writing, monumental architecture such as the Lion Gate, military-focused society influencing later Greek culture.

Time period: 814 BC – 146 BC; Significant contributions: Development of a powerful navy, rich trade networks across the Mediterranean, establishment of advanced harbors like the Cothon.

Time period: circa 2500 BC – 609 BC; Significant contributions: Establishment of one of the first large empires, library of Ashurbanipal, advancements in military technology.

Time period: late 8th century to late 11th century; Significant contributions: Shipbuilding and navigation skills, establishing trade routes across Europe, exploration of North Atlantic.

Time period: circa 1070 BC – 350 AD; Significant contributions: Pyramids, significant iron production, cultural exchanges with Egypt.

Time period: Same as Indus Valley Civilization; Significant contributions: Urban planning, sophisticated craftsmanship, and a standardized system of weights and measures.

Time period: circa 1400 BC – 400 BC; Significant contributions: Creation of colossal head sculptures, early writing system, and the Mesoamerican ballgame.

Time period: circa 900 BC – 192 BC; Significant contributions: Military-oriented culture, the agoge training system, significant role in the Greco-Persian Wars.

Time period: circa 900 BC – 27 BC; Significant contributions: Influences on Roman culture, including gladiatorial games and engineering, distinctive art and architecture.

Time period: 508 BC – 322 BC; Significant contributions: Birthplace of democracy, significant philosophers and theorists, and the Parthenon.