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Developed the Socratic method, focused on ethics and the importance of knowledge.

Founded the Academy in Athens, laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science.

Wrote on diverse subjects including logic, metaphysics, and ethics; tutored Alexander the Great.

Prominent figure in the Cynic movement, advocated for a life in accordance with nature.

Founded Pythagoreanism, known for the Pythagorean theorem in mathematics.

Developed the doctrine of change being central to the universe, known for the saying 'No man ever steps in the same river twice'.

Argued that change is impossible and existence is singular and unchanging.

Proposed that all matter is composed of four elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water.

Introduced the concept of Nous (mind or intellect) as the initial cause in the cosmos.

Formulated an atomic theory of the universe, with atoms as the smallest indivisible units of matter.

Known for his paradoxes, especially those arguing against the existence of motion and plurality.

Founded Epicureanism, which sought to find the key to a happy life through pleasure, friendship, and living a simple life.

Famous for the assertion 'Man is the measure of all things', which is associated with relativism.

Developed a cosmology that involved an eternal, boundless substance from which all things emerge and return.

Believed that water is the fundamental substance of the universe; one of the Seven Sages of Greece.

Sophist who argued that nothing exists, and if it did, it would be incomprehensible and incommunicable.

Criticized the anthropomorphic deities of Homeric religion, advocated for a singular god without human qualities.

Founded the Cynic philosophy, valued virtue as the only necessity for happiness.

Argued that reality is one, unchanging, and ungenerated whole.

Philosopher and poet who proposed the four classical elements and two opposing forces, Love and Strife.

Early proponent of atomism, believed that' everything is the sum of its parts'.

Proposed that air is the primary substance of the universe and that all things are made from it through processes of condensation and rarefaction.

Linked health with the balance of powers and valued the need for a stable environment in physiology.

Pythagorean who is traditionally credited with the discovery of the existence of irrational numbers.