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Wrote on diverse subjects including logic, metaphysics, and ethics; tutored Alexander the Great.

Famous for the assertion 'Man is the measure of all things', which is associated with relativism.

Successor to Plato at the Academy, emphasized that knowledge comes from within and that the soul is the key to understanding.

Developed a cosmology that involved an eternal, boundless substance from which all things emerge and return.

Early proponent of atomism, believed that' everything is the sum of its parts'.

Linked health with the balance of powers and valued the need for a stable environment in physiology.

Founded Epicureanism, which sought to find the key to a happy life through pleasure, friendship, and living a simple life.

Argued that reality is one, unchanging, and ungenerated whole.

Argued that change is impossible and existence is singular and unchanging.

Introduced the concept of Nous (mind or intellect) as the initial cause in the cosmos.

Known for his paradoxes, especially those arguing against the existence of motion and plurality.

Criticized the anthropomorphic deities of Homeric religion, advocated for a singular god without human qualities.

Formulated an atomic theory of the universe, with atoms as the smallest indivisible units of matter.

Sophist who argued that nothing exists, and if it did, it would be incomprehensible and incommunicable.

Founded the Academy in Athens, laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science.

Proposed that all matter is composed of four elements: Earth, Air, Fire, and Water.

Developed the Socratic method, focused on ethics and the importance of knowledge.

Prominent figure in the Cynic movement, advocated for a life in accordance with nature.

Pythagorean who is traditionally credited with the discovery of the existence of irrational numbers.

Developed the doctrine of change being central to the universe, known for the saying 'No man ever steps in the same river twice'.

Proposed that air is the primary substance of the universe and that all things are made from it through processes of condensation and rarefaction.

Founded the Cynic philosophy, valued virtue as the only necessity for happiness.

Philosopher and poet who proposed the four classical elements and two opposing forces, Love and Strife.

Founded Pythagoreanism, known for the Pythagorean theorem in mathematics.