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Arianism was an early Christian heresy which taught that Jesus Christ is not of the same substance as God the Father but was a created being. Outcome: Condemned by the First Council of Nicaea in 325, leading to the formulation of the Nicene Creed.

Pelagianism is a belief that original sin did not taint human nature and that mortal will is still capable of choosing good or evil without divine aid. Outcome: It was condemned at the Council of Carthage in 418.

Donatism was the belief that the validity of the sacraments depended on the moral character of the clergy who administered them. Outcome: Declared a heresy at the Council of Arles in 314.

Nestorianism argues for a disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus. Outcome: Condemned by the Council of Ephesus in 431.

Monophysitism holds that Christ has only one, divine nature rather than two natures, one divine and one human. Outcome: Condemned at the Council of Chalcedon in 451.

Iconoclasm was the opposition to the veneration of icons and other religious images. Outcome: Icon veneration was restored and affirmed at the Second Council of Nicaea in 787.

Catharism was a dualistic belief that viewed the material world as evil and the spiritual realm as good, rejecting the church's sacraments. Outcome: Suppressed by the Albigensian Crusade in the early 13th century.

Lollardy was a pre-Protestant Christian religious movement that demanded reform in the Church and emphasized the authority of the Bible. Outcome: Its followers were persecuted in England throughout the 15th century.

Hussitism was a movement begun by Jan Hus, which questioned Catholic teachings and called for reforms such as the use of vernacular language in liturgy. Outcome: Led to the Hussite Wars; the movement was ultimately incorporated into the Protestant Reformation.

Gnosticism encompasses a variety of ancient religious ideas and systems which posited that salvation lies in gaining esoteric knowledge about the divine spark within humans. Outcome: Condemned as heretical by early Christian leaders.

Sabellianism, or modalism, is the nontrinitarian belief that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are different modes or aspects of one God as opposed to three distinct persons. Outcome: Condemned by the Church as heresy in the 3rd century.

Montanism was an early Christian movement claiming new prophetic revelations through the prophets Montanus, Priscilla, and Maximilla. It advocated a strict lifestyle and an expectation of the imminent second coming of Christ. Outcome: Rejected by mainstream Christians, and its followers were marginalized.

Antinomianism is the belief that Christians are released by grace from the obligation of observing the moral law. Outcome: Criticized by Christian theologians throughout history as heretical.

Socinianism is the belief, articulated by Fausto Sozzini, which denied the doctrine of the Trinity and the divinity of Christ. It advocated for a rational approach to the scriptures. Outcome: Condemned by both the Catholic and Protestant churches, but it influenced later Unitarianism.