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Causes: Disputes over papal authority and theological differences. Outcome: Permanent split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Influence: Established the two dominant branches of Christianity in Europe.

Causes: Corruption in the Catholic Church, the sale of indulgences, and Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Outcome: The formation of Protestant churches separate from the Catholic Church. Influence: Initiated widespread religious, political, and cultural changes across Europe.

Causes: Political conflicts and the Avignon Papacy leading to multiple claimants to the papacy. Outcome: Eventually resolved by the Council of Constance and the election of Pope Martin V. Influence: Weakened the authority of the Papacy and contributed to the rise of conciliarism.

Causes: Disagreement over the addition of the 'filioque' clause to the Nicene Creed. Outcome: Contributed to the Great East–West Schism. Influence: Amplified the theological differences between the Eastern and Western Churches.

Causes: Christological debates following the Council of Chalcedon, which Miaphysite churches rejected. Outcome: Formation of the Oriental Orthodox communion, separate from the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. Influence: Preserved distinctive theological and liturgical traditions in Miaphysite communities.

Causes: Political and personal motives of Henry VIII, disputes over papal authority. Outcome: Establishment of the Church of England independent of Roman Catholicism. Influence: Led to the development of a distinct Anglican tradition with a unique compromise between Protestant theology and Catholic liturgy.

Causes: Reforms within the Russian Orthodox Church that were resisted by traditionalists. Outcome: Split that led to the creation of the Old Believers movement. Influence: Highlighted the tensions between tradition and reform within Eastern Orthodoxy.

Causes: Radical Reformation ideas that pushed for adult baptism and separation of church and state. Outcome: Emergence of Anabaptist groups like the Mennonites and Amish. Influence: Paved the way for the modern belief in freedom of religion and conscience.

Causes: Reaction against caste discrimination and ritualism in Hindu practice. Outcome: Led to a new devotional focus within Hinduism. Influence: Fostered the growth of regional devotional literature and religious inclusivity.