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Ancient Civilizations' Contributions to Science
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Egyptian Mathematics
Use of geometry for land surveying.
Greek Astronomy
Heliocentric theory proposed by Aristarchus.
Babylonian Astronomy
Development of the sexagesimal (base-60) system.
Chinese Alchemy
Discovery of gunpowder.
Mayan Astronomy
Complex calendar systems based on celestial cycles.
Greek Medicine
Hippocratic Oath and emphasis on clinical observation.
Roman Engineering
Invention and widespread use of concrete.
Arabic Alchemy
Distillation, sublimation, and crystallization techniques.
Indian Mathematics
Concept of zero and decimal system development.
Mesopotamian Medicine
Earliest recorded usage of prescriptions.
Egyptian Engineering
Construction of complex structures like the pyramids.
Greek Physics
Principles of levers and pulleys by Archimedes.
Persian Medicine
Works of Avicenna, especially 'The Canon of Medicine'.
Chinese Cartography
Earliest use of a grid reference system in maps.
Aztec Agriculture
Chinampas or 'floating gardens' for efficient farming.
Sumerian Writing
Development of cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems.
Greek Geometry
Euclidean geometry and Euclid's 'Elements'.
Incan Communication
Use of quipus for recording information.
Arabic Optics
Works on optics by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen).
Minoan Civilization
Early earthquake detection and engineering.
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