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Ancient Civilizations' Contributions to Science
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Indian Mathematics
Concept of zero and decimal system development.
Arabic Optics
Works on optics by Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen).
Roman Engineering
Invention and widespread use of concrete.
Babylonian Astronomy
Development of the sexagesimal (base-60) system.
Minoan Civilization
Early earthquake detection and engineering.
Chinese Alchemy
Discovery of gunpowder.
Mesopotamian Medicine
Earliest recorded usage of prescriptions.
Persian Medicine
Works of Avicenna, especially 'The Canon of Medicine'.
Sumerian Writing
Development of cuneiform, one of the earliest writing systems.
Aztec Agriculture
Chinampas or 'floating gardens' for efficient farming.
Egyptian Mathematics
Use of geometry for land surveying.
Greek Geometry
Euclidean geometry and Euclid's 'Elements'.
Incan Communication
Use of quipus for recording information.
Greek Medicine
Hippocratic Oath and emphasis on clinical observation.
Arabic Alchemy
Distillation, sublimation, and crystallization techniques.
Chinese Cartography
Earliest use of a grid reference system in maps.
Greek Astronomy
Heliocentric theory proposed by Aristarchus.
Mayan Astronomy
Complex calendar systems based on celestial cycles.
Greek Physics
Principles of levers and pulleys by Archimedes.
Egyptian Engineering
Construction of complex structures like the pyramids.
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