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Historical Epidemics and Their Impacts

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Black Death

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1347-1351, caused the deaths of an estimated 75-200 million people and dramatically reshaped European society

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Spanish Flu

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1918-1919, infected an estimated one-third of the world's population and caused at least 50 million deaths

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Smallpox

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Various outbreaks, caused hundreds of millions of deaths over thousands of years until eradicated in 1980

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HIV/AIDS Pandemic

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Identified in 1981, has claimed over 32 million lives and remains a global health issue

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Plague of Justinian

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541-542, led to the deaths of an estimated 25-100 million people in the Byzantine Empire and neighboring territories

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Third Cholera Pandemic

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1852-1860, considered the most deadly of the seven cholera pandemics, resulting in over a million deaths

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Asian Flu

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1957-1958, caused by H2N2 influenza virus, led to approximately 1-2 million deaths worldwide

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Hong Kong Flu

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1968-1969, caused by H3N2 influenza virus, led to the deaths of about 1 million people worldwide

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Antonine Plague

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165-180 AD, possibly an early appearance of smallpox or measles, led to the deaths of 5-10 million people in the Roman Empire

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Justinian Plague

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541-542 AD, considered the first pandemic of bubonic plague, resulted in 25-50 million deaths

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American Polio Epidemic

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Peak in the early 1950s, led to widespread panic and thousands of deaths and cases of paralysis before vaccines were developed

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Great Plague of London

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1665-1666, resulted in the deaths of an estimated 100,000 people, about one-quarter of London's population at the time

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Third Plague Pandemic

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1855-1960, claimed over 12 million lives, primarily in India and China

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Yellow Fever

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Multiple outbreaks since the 17th century, significant impact in Africa and the Americas with thousands of deaths and severe economic damage

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Russian Flu

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1889-1890, first modern influenza pandemic leading to about 1 million deaths globally

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