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Historical Epidemics and Their Impacts
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Black Death
1347-1351, caused the deaths of an estimated 75-200 million people and dramatically reshaped European society
Spanish Flu
1918-1919, infected an estimated one-third of the world's population and caused at least 50 million deaths
Smallpox
Various outbreaks, caused hundreds of millions of deaths over thousands of years until eradicated in 1980
HIV/AIDS Pandemic
Identified in 1981, has claimed over 32 million lives and remains a global health issue
Plague of Justinian
541-542, led to the deaths of an estimated 25-100 million people in the Byzantine Empire and neighboring territories
Third Cholera Pandemic
1852-1860, considered the most deadly of the seven cholera pandemics, resulting in over a million deaths
Asian Flu
1957-1958, caused by H2N2 influenza virus, led to approximately 1-2 million deaths worldwide
Hong Kong Flu
1968-1969, caused by H3N2 influenza virus, led to the deaths of about 1 million people worldwide
Antonine Plague
165-180 AD, possibly an early appearance of smallpox or measles, led to the deaths of 5-10 million people in the Roman Empire
Justinian Plague
541-542 AD, considered the first pandemic of bubonic plague, resulted in 25-50 million deaths
American Polio Epidemic
Peak in the early 1950s, led to widespread panic and thousands of deaths and cases of paralysis before vaccines were developed
Great Plague of London
1665-1666, resulted in the deaths of an estimated 100,000 people, about one-quarter of London's population at the time
Third Plague Pandemic
1855-1960, claimed over 12 million lives, primarily in India and China
Yellow Fever
Multiple outbreaks since the 17th century, significant impact in Africa and the Americas with thousands of deaths and severe economic damage
Russian Flu
1889-1890, first modern influenza pandemic leading to about 1 million deaths globally
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