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Empirical observations and logical reasoning, classified knowledge into distinct categories.

Called for a structured approach to scientific inquiry, involving observation, hypothesis, experimentation, and independent verification.

Developed the scientific method, emphasizing induction and careful empirical observations to derive general principles.

Formulated a method of doubt and deductive reasoning, focusing on rational deduction from axiomatic principles.

Used telescopic observations to support heliocentric theory, advocated for experiment over philosophical argument.

Formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation, established a precedent for the publication of verified scientific theories.

Proposed the theory of scientific revolutions, emphasizing the non-linear progress of science and the concept of paradigm shifts.

Developed the philosophy of science emphasizing falsifiability as the criterion for demarcating science from non-science.

Pioneered the scientific method with an early understanding of experimentation, reproducibility, and peer review in his works on optics.