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Discovered polonium and radium, and contributed to the field of radioactivity.

Contributed to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal and graphite.

Discovered genetic transposition and used it to demonstrate that genes are responsible for turning physical characteristics on and off.

Advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structures of important biochemical substances.

Recognized for creating the first computer algorithm intended for Charles Babbage's Analytical Engine.

Co-discovered nuclear fission of uranium when it absorbed an extra neutron.

Developed the nuclear shell model of the atomic nucleus, explaining magic numbers.

Her work on the environmental impact of chemical pesticides led to the modern environmental movement.

Conducted the Wu experiment, which contradicted the law of conservation of parity.

Pioneered computer programming, developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.

Co-discovered the nerve growth factor (NGF), crucial for the growth, maintenance, and survival of certain neurons.

Developed drugs to treat leukemia and herpes, and to prevent the rejection of kidney transplants.

World's foremost expert on chimpanzees, contributed over 55 years studying social and family interactions.

Her refusal to authorize thalidomide prevented widespread birth defects in the United States.