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Stanley Miller and Harold Urey; Demonstrated that organic compounds could be synthesized from inorganic precursors under conditions simulating the early Earth's atmosphere.

Friedrich Wöhler; Refuted vitalism by synthesizing an organic compound from inorganic substances.

Fritz Haber and Carl Bosch; Provided a method for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen gases, critical for agricultural fertilizers.

Joseph Priestley and Carl Wilhelm Scheele; It led to the foundation of modern chemistry by overthrowing the phlogiston theory.

James Franck and Gustav Hertz; Demonstrated the quantum nature of atoms and provided support for the Bohr model of the atom.

Dmitri Mendeleev; Created the first version of the periodic table of elements, predicting the existence and properties of new elements.

François-Auguste Grignard; Development of the Grignard reagent, which is pivotal in the formation of carbon-carbon bonds in organic synthesis.

John Dalton; Provided the first scientific description of matter based on atoms and their properties.

Joseph Proust; Established that chemical compounds are composed of a fixed ratio of elements as defined by mass.

Antoine Lavoisier; It was a fundamental principle that led to the advancement in chemical reactions, stating that matter is neither created nor destroyed.

Mikhail Tsvet; Provided a method for the separation of plant pigments that led to the development of various forms of chromatography.

Richard Smalley, Harry Kroto, and Robert Curl; This experiment led to the discovery of a new form of carbon, fullerenes, also known as buckyballs.

Henri Becquerel, and later Marie Curie and Pierre Curie; The discovery that some elements emit radiation spontaneously, which led to the development of nuclear chemistry.

James Watson, Francis Crick, Rosalind Franklin, and Maurice Wilkins; Revealed the double helix structure of DNA, laying the groundwork for modern genetics.

John Dalton; Stated that when elements combine, they do so in the ratio of small whole numbers (compared to reactants).

J.J. Thomson; Determined the existence of negatively charged particles, which led to the understanding of the subatomic structure.

William Ramsay and Lord Rayleigh; Identification of an entire group of inert gases in the periodic table previously unknown.

Anthony Carlisle and William Nicholson; Demonstrated the electrical decomposition of water into oxygen and hydrogen.

Stanislao Cannizzaro; A reaction that led to the clarification of the distinction between molecular and empirical formulas of compounds.