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1492 - Reached the Bahamas; thought it was Asia. Made four voyages, discovering various Caribbean islands, the Gulf of Mexico, and the South and Central American mainland.

1532-1533 - Led the conquest of the Incan Empire in Peru.

Made three voyages to the Pacific Ocean, accurately mapping many areas and recording several islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time.

Recognized the South American coast as a new continent, which is why America is named after him. Made several voyages to the New World.

1497 - Claimed Canada for England, thought he had found Asia; his exact landing spot is unknown.

1519-1522 - First circumnavigation of the Earth, although he was killed in the Philippines; his expedition completed the journey without him.

1519-1521 - Conquered the Aztec Empire in Mexico, establishing Spanish rule in the region.

1609-1611 - Explored present-day New York and the river named after him, Hudson River; also explored the Arctic Ocean and Hudson Bay.

1498 - First European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by an ocean route, which was very significant for the spice trade.