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An Italian humanist, philosopher, and literary critic, Valla is renowned for his textual analysis that exposed the Donation of Constantine as a forgery, using his knowledge of Latin to demonstrate its inauthenticity.

Known as the 'Father of Humanism', Petrarch was an Italian scholar who inaugurated the Renaissance with his critical study of Roman texts and his poetry in the vernacular.

In the context of humanism, secularism is the principle of separation between the state and religious institutions and a focus on worldly rather than spiritual matters.

Italian humanist, historian, and statesman, Bruni is known for his translations of Greek philosophical works into Latin and for his civic humanism, advocating the study of classical texts as a guide for political life.

An ideology that combines classical humanist principles with active participation in civic life, suggesting that engagement in government and societal affairs is necessary for a fully realized human life.

A Dutch Renaissance humanist, Erasmus was a classical scholar who wrote in a pure Latin style and was known for his critical work, 'The Praise of Folly'.

A French Renaissance philosopher known for developing the essay as a literary genre, Montaigne is famous for his skeptical philosophy and exploration of the human condition.

A central political figure and a writer during the Italian Renaissance, Machiavelli is best known for his political treatise 'The Prince', which fosters a realist perspective on governance devoid of moralistic frameworks.

A key tenet of Renaissance humanism focusing on the individual's potential, the development of personal excellence, and the pursuit of glory.