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Reign Period: 1474-1504; Major Contributions: Completed the Reconquista, funded Christopher Columbus' expedition.

Reign Period: 1509-1547; Major Contributions: Established the Church of England, initiating the English Reformation.

Reign Period: 1479-1516; Major Contributions: His marriage to Isabella I unified Spain, completed the Reconquista, supported exploration.

Reign Period: 1547-1584; Major Contributions: Transformed Russia into a multiethnic state, established the Tsardom of Russia.

Reign Period: 1558-1603; Major Contributions: The Elizabethan Era, defeat of the Spanish Armada, support of the arts.

Reign Period: 1469-1492; Major Contributions: Patron of the arts, supporter of Renaissance culture.

Reign Period: 1537-1574; Major Contributions: Founded the Uffizi Gallery, strengthened the Medici control over Tuscany.

Reign Period: 1556-1598; Major Contributions: Oversaw a global empire that included the Americas and the Philippines, launched the Spanish Armada.

Reign Period: 1520-1566; Major Contributions: Led the Ottoman Empire to its peak, reformed the legal system, patron of arts.

Reign Period: 1547-1559 (as queen consort), 1559-1589 (as queen mother); Major Contributions: Influential in French politics, patron of the arts, and promoter of the Renaissance culture.

Reign Period: 1515-1547; Major Contributions: Initiator of the French Renaissance, patron of artists, and booster of the New World explorations.