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To be admitted as evidence, an item must be shown to be what its proponent claims it is.

A witness with personal knowledge can authenticate an item by testifying that it is what it is claimed to be.

Domestic public documents under seal are self-authenticating, requiring no extrinsic evidence of authenticity.

Opinion identifying a person's voice, whether heard firsthand or through mechanical or electronic transmission or recording, can be used for authentication.

Evidence can be authenticated by showing a record or report has been made by a public office where items of this nature are kept.

Domestic public documents not under seal are self-authenticating if they bear a signature purporting to be an execution or attestation.

A comparison of the evidence to authenticated specimens by an expert witness or the trier of fact can serve as authentication.

For documents or data compilations over 20 years old, authenticity is established if they are in a condition likely to create no suspicion and have been stored in a place they would likely be if authentic.

Authentication is established by showing that a process or system that produces a result was operating properly.

Authentication can be done by any method approved by a United States statute or a rule prescribed by the Supreme Court.

Certified copies of public records are self-authenticating and do not require additional evidence for authenticity.

Nonexpert opinion on the authenticity of handwriting can be used for authentication based on familiarity not acquired for trial purposes.

A call to a number assigned to a particular person or business and answered by that person or business can be authenticated by the circumstances.