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The presiding judge may not testify as a witness at the trial, and a party must object to preserve the issue.

Any party, including the party that called the witness, may attack the witness's credibility.

Certain criminal convictions may be used to impeach a witness's credibility if the crime was punishable by death or imprisonment for more than one year, or if it involved dishonesty or false statement.

A witness's credibility may be attacked or supported by testimony about their character for truthfulness or untruthfulness, but evidence of truthful character is admissible only after the witness's character has been attacked.

Before testifying, every witness must give an oath or affirmation to tell the truth.

All persons are competent to be witnesses unless the federal rules provide otherwise, with the court determining competency based on these rules.

A witness must have personal knowledge of the matter to testify about it unless the testimony is provided through an expert witness.

A juror may not testify as a witness before the others in the jury. After the verdict, a juror may not testify about the deliberation process or their own or other jurors' thought processes.

An interpreter must be qualified and must give an oath or affirmation to make a true translation.

The court controls the examination of witnesses and the presentation of evidence to make the questioning and presentation effective and to avoid wasting time.

Evidence of a witness's religious beliefs or opinions is not admissible to attack or support the witness's credibility.

The court shall exercise reasonable control over the mode and order of examining witnesses and presenting evidence so as to (1) make those procedures effective for determining the truth, (2) avoid wasting time, and (3) protect witnesses from harassment or undue embarrassment.

Leading questions are generally not allowed on direct examination but are permitted on cross-examination and when a party calls a hostile witness, an adverse party, or a witness identified with an adverse party.

The scope of cross-examination should not go beyond the subject matter of the direct examination and matters affecting the witness’s credibility.

For a writing used to refresh a witness’s memory, an adverse party is entitled to have it produced, inspect it, cross-examine the witness about it, and introduce relevant portions into evidence.

When examining a witness about their prior statement, or presenting a witness's prior inconsistent statement, it doesn't need to be shown nor its contents disclosed to the witness before questioning, but it must be on the record.

In cases where the subject matter is outside common knowledge, the court may require expert testimony to assist the trier of fact.

At a party's request, or on its own, the court must order witnesses excluded so they cannot hear the testimony of other witnesses, with certain exceptions for a party who is a natural person, an officer or employee designated as the party's representative, or a person whose presence is essential to a party's case.

A court may instruct the jury to accept as conclusive any fact judicially noticed.

The court may exclude certain evidence if its probative value for attacking or supporting a witness's credibility is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or wasting time.

The court may take appropriate measures to protect a witness from harm, undue harassment, or invasion of privacy, including sealing the records.

The court may call its own witnesses and all parties are entitled to cross-examine them. The court may also question any witness.

Evidence to establish a witness's bias, prejudice, or interest may be admitted to impair or support the witness's credibility.

A court has the authority to appoint expert witnesses to testify on matters within their expertise, and these experts may be examined by the parties.