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Evidence that directly proves a fact. Example: A witness testifying that they saw the defendant commit a crime.

Evidence that requires a judge or jury to make inferences in order to establish a fact. Example: Finding the defendant's fingerprints at a crime scene.

Tangible items that tend to prove some material fact. Example: A weapon found at the scene of a crime.

Any type of written or recorded evidence. Example: Emails, letters, contracts, audio recordings.

Evidence in the form of a representation of an object. Example: Maps, X-rays, graphs, and diagrams used in court to demonstrate or illustrate testimony.

Any type of evidence obtained from a witness who makes a solemn statement or declaration of fact. Example: A witness giving evidence under oath in court.

Information stored or transmitted in digital form that a party to a court case may use at trial. Example: Data from a smartphone.

Evidence based on what the witness has heard someone else say, rather than on direct knowledge. Example: A witness who testifies that they heard someone else talking about a crime.

Evidence aimed at establishing the likelihood of a person's conduct on the basis of their character. Example: Testimony about an individual's good reputation for honesty.

Evidence that is a thing itself, rather than a description or representation of that thing. Example: The actual gun used in a murder.

Evidence obtained through scientific techniques used in connection with the detection of crime. Example: DNA profiling.

Testimony given in a trial by a person who is qualified to speak with authority regarding scientific, technical, or professional matters. Example: A forensic scientist explaining DNA evidence.

Informal evidence based on personal testimony or observations rather than hard facts. Example: Stories a witness shares about the defendant.

Evidence that can show the innocence of the defendant. Example: Surveillance footage showing the defendant was not at the crime scene.

Evidence that suggests the defendant's guilt. Example: The defendant's DNA found at the scene of the crime.

Sufficient evidence that, unless rebutted, would prove the case. Example: A signed contract establishing an agreement.

Evidence that uses statistical data to infer a fact, usually pertaining to numbers or percentages. Example: Crime statistics used to show the frequency of a specific crime in a certain area.

Evidence used to illustrate or explain other evidences or to make things clearer to the jury. Example: Using a model to demonstrate the severity of an injury.

The act by which a court accepts certain facts as universally recognized truths without requiring proof. Example: Recognizing that the weekend includes Saturday and Sunday.

Evidence that is assumed to be true until evidence to the contrary is presented. Example: Ownership of a car is presumed to be that of the registered owner.

The requirement that the original source of evidence is required when its contents are in dispute. Example: An original document is required, not a copy, when the document's terms are critical to the case.

Evidence that has the effect of proving an issue or fact in a court case. Example: Eyewitness testimony that confirms a key element in the prosecution's case.

Evidence that is related to the facts in dispute and has the ability to make the existence of any fact that is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable. Example: A receipt showing a purchase that confirms someone was at a certain place at a certain time.

Additional evidence that supports a fact already established by existing evidence. Example: Multiple witnesses independently confirming seeing the defendant at the crime scene.