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Required police to inform suspects of their rights, including the right to remain silent, which protected against self-incrimination and police coercion.

Denied citizenship to African American slaves, claiming they could not sue in federal court thus exacerbating racial inequalities and negatively affecting civil liberties until the passage of the 14th Amendment.

Upheld 'separate but equal' doctrine, legitimizing segregation and the Jim Crow laws, greatly impeding civil rights and liberties for nearly 60 years.

Established the principle of judicial review, allowing courts to strike down laws that violate the Constitution, strengthening the judiciary's power to protect civil liberties.

Established the exclusionary rule, which prevents illegally obtained evidence from being used in court, thereby strengthening protections against unreasonable searches and seizures.

Established the right to legal counsel for defendants in criminal cases, ensuring fairer trials and protecting the rights of the accused.

Ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, leading to desegregation and a significant step forward for civil rights.

Invalidated state laws prohibiting interracial marriage, enhancing civil liberties by affirming the right to marry without racial restrictions.

Established a woman's legal right to an abortion, essentially expanding individual rights and privacy under the Fourteenth Amendment.

Upheld Roe v. Wade but allowed states to impose regulations on abortion as long as they did not impose an 'undue burden,' which subtly shifted the parameters of abortion rights.

Legalized same-sex marriage nationwide under the Fourteenth Amendment, granting same-sex couples equal protection and recognition under the law.

Affirmed an individual's right to possess firearms independent of service in a state militia and to use firearms for traditionally lawful purposes such as self-defense within the home.

Determined that the government needs a warrant to access cell phone location records, extending privacy protections in the digital age.

Invalidated sodomy laws in the US, thus decriminalizing homosexual conduct and enhancing civil liberties regarding sexual privacy.

Protected flag burning as a form of symbolic speech under the First Amendment, confirming the broad scope of freedom of speech.

Held that political spending by corporations, associations, and labor unions is a form of protected speech under the First Amendment, which has had a significant impact on campaign finance.

Upheld the government's power to seize private property for economic development under the takings clause, sparking significant public debate about property rights.

Struck down Texas abortion restrictions that imposed an undue burden on abortion access, reaffirming the principles set in Roe v. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey.

Affirmed students' right to free speech in public schools, provided it does not disrupt the educational process, broadening the civil liberties of students.