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International Courts and Tribunals

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Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ)

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Jurisdiction: Disputes regarding the interpretation and application of the CARICOM Treaty; Significance: An effort to establish a court of last resort for CARICOM members, independent from the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council.

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African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights

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Jurisdiction: Human rights issues under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights and other relevant human rights instruments; Significance: Reinforces the protection of human rights across the African continent.

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International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)

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Jurisdiction: Disputes arising out of the interpretation and application of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea; Significance: Aids in the peaceful settlement of maritime disputes.

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Inter-American Court of Human Rights

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Jurisdiction: Interpretation and enforcement of the American Convention on Human Rights; Significance: Major instrument for promoting and protecting human rights in the Americas.

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Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL)

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Jurisdiction: War crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Sierra Leone since 30 November 1996; Significance: Helped to bring major war criminals, including former Liberian President Charles Taylor, to justice.

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International Court of Justice (ICJ)

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Jurisdiction: Legal disputes between states, advisory opinions; Significance: Principal judicial organ of the United Nations.

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World Trade Organization (WTO) Dispute Settlement Body

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Jurisdiction: Trade disputes between member countries; Significance: Central pillar of the international trade system.

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European Court of Justice (ECJ)

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Jurisdiction: Ensures that EU law is applied and interpreted uniformly; Significance: The highest court in the European Union in matters of European Union law.

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International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR)

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Jurisdiction: Genocide and other serious violations of international humanitarian law in Rwanda and neighboring states in 1994; Significance: Marked a key step in the prosecution of genocide.

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Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL)

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Jurisdiction: Prosecution of those responsible for the assassination of former Prime Minister Rafic Hariri and related attacks; Significance: First international tribunal to deal with terrorism as a distinct crime.

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International Criminal Court (ICC)

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Jurisdiction: Genocide, crimes against humanity, war crimes, crimes of aggression; Significance: First permanent treaty-based international criminal court.

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Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

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Jurisdiction: Ensures EU law is interpreted and applied the same in every EU country; Significance: Supreme court of the European Union on matters of EU law.

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Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA)

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Jurisdiction: Resolution of international disputes involving states, state entities, intergovernmental organizations, and private parties; Significance: One of the oldest institutions for international dispute resolution.

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European Court of Human Rights (ECHR)

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Jurisdiction: Violations of the European Convention on Human Rights by member states; Significance: One of the largest international courts in terms of caseload and impact on domestic laws.

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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY)

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Jurisdiction: War crimes that took place during the conflicts in the Balkans in the 1990s; Significance: Contributed to the development of international humanitarian law.

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