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Historic Human Rights Cases

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Marbury v. Madison, 1803 - United States

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Established the principle of judicial review in the U.S. Supreme Court, which allows American courts to strike down laws, statutes, and some government actions that violate the Constitution.

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Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 - United States

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U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857 - United States

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Supreme Court decision ruling that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and that the federal government had no authority to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.

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Korematsu v. United States, 1944 - United States

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A landmark United States Supreme Court case upholding the exclusion of Japanese Americans from the West Coast Military Area during World War II.

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Obergefell v. Hodges, 2015 - United States

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Supreme Court case that ruled the fundamental right to marry is guaranteed to same-sex couples by both the Due Process Clause and the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Loving v. Virginia, 1967 - United States

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U.S. Supreme Court case that struck down laws banning interracial marriage.

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Miranda v. Arizona, 1966 - United States

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Supreme Court case establishing the principle that all criminal suspects must be advised of their rights upon arrest, including the right to remain silent to avoid self-incrimination.

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Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 - United States

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Landmark case in criminal procedure, in which the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against 'unreasonable searches and seizures,' may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions.

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Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 - United States

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Landmark case in which the Supreme Court unanimously ruled that states are required under the Sixth Amendment to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys.

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Shelley v. Kraemer, 1948 - United States

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Landmark court case in which the U.S. Supreme Court held that courts could not enforce racial covenants on real estate.

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New York Times Co. v. United States, 1971 - United States

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Supreme Court case that ruled the First Amendment did protect the right of The New York Times to print classified documents without risk of government censorship or punishment.

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United States v. Nixon, 1974 - United States

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Landmark legal case in which the Supreme Court of the United States unanimously ruled that President Richard Nixon was obliged to release tape recordings and other materials to the Watergate special prosecutor.

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R (on the application of Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, 2017 - United Kingdom

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Case concerning the constitutional requirements to trigger Article 50 and initiate the process of the UK leaving the European Union.

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Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 1971 - United States

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Landmark employment discrimination case decided by the Supreme Court. It concerned employment requirements that lacked business necessity and disproportionately affected minority groups.

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Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 - United States

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Case where U.S. Supreme Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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Regina v. Dudley and Stephens, 1884 - England

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English criminal case that established a precedent in the common law world that necessity is not a defense to a charge of murder.

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Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, 1969 - United States

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Landmark Supreme Court decision that defined the constitutional rights of students in U.S. public schools.

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District of Columbia v. Heller, 2008 - United States

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Landmark case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Second Amendment protects an individual's right to possess a firearm unconnected with service in a militia for traditionally lawful purposes.

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Roe v. Wade, 1973 - United States

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Landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court that established a woman's legal right to an abortion.

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Lawrence v. Texas, 2003 - United States

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Supreme Court case that struck down a Texas statute banning consensual homosexual activities, thereby invalidating sodomy laws in 14 other states.

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