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In the 19th century, a political and social movement, known as the Risorgimento, led to the consolidation of different states on the Italian peninsula into a single nation-state, marking the rise of a new European power.

On July 14, 1789, revolutionary forces stormed and captured the Bastille prison in Paris, a symbol of the absolute monarchy in France, signaling the start of the French Revolution and leading to widespread political changes.

An uprising in 1381 in England, caused by socio-economic and political tensions, it marked one of the first popular rebellions in Europe and led to the end of serfdom, although it was ultimately quashed.

Signed in 1215 by King John of England, this document is one of the most important in the history of democracy. It became the foundation for constitutional governance and the rule of law in England, influencing other nations as well.

A major English victory against France in the Hundred Years' War, on October 25, 1415, known for the effectiveness of the English longbowmen and immortalized in Shakespeare's 'Henry V'.

Following the fall of Napoleon in 1814-1815, this conference of European ambassadors sought to create a balance of power and restore Europe's royal families to the throne, shaping international relations and national borders for the next century.

Spanning from 1545 to 1563, this ecumenical council of the Catholic Church addressed doctrinal and reform issues in response to the Protestant Reformation, leading to significant changes in church practices and the Counter-Reformation.

This 1870-1871 conflict resulted in the German unification under Prussian leadership and the downfall of Napoleon III of France. It shifted the balance of power in Europe and led to the establishment of the German Empire.

A period of geopolitical tension between the Soviet Union and the United States and their respective allies, the Eastern Bloc and the Western Bloc, after World War II, known for espionage, political rivalry, and the threat of nuclear warfare.

The series of revolutions in 1917, which dismantled the Tsarist autocracy and led to the rise of the Soviet Union, fundamentally transformed Russian society and government, having a significant global impact throughout the 20th century.

One of the most devastating pandemics in human history resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75-200 million people in Eurasia, peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351, greatly affecting societal structures and European history.

Issued on April 13, 1598, by King Henry IV of France, it granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (Huguenots) substantial rights in a nation still considered essentially Catholic. It was a key step in promoting religious tolerance in Europe.

A naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish Navies on October 21, 1805, during the Napoleonic Wars. The British victory ensured their naval dominance for the rest of the 19th century.

The act of throwing two Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague in 1618 sparked the Thirty Years' War, a pivotal event in Bohemian history that marked the beginning of a prolonged religious conflict in Europe.

Fought between England and France from 1337 to 1453, this war involved a series of conflicts and territorial struggles that led to the emergence of national identities in both countries and the end of medieval Europe's feudal structure.

Originating in Britain in the late 18th century, this was a period of major industrialization that spread throughout Europe. It transformed economies that had been based on agriculture and handicrafts into economies based on large-scale industry, mechanized manufacturing, and the factory system.

Convened by Henry VIII from 1529 to 1536, this English Parliament enacted laws that led to the establishment of the Church of England, breaking away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church.

A conference of ambassadors of European states chaired by Austrian statesman Klemens von Metternich, held in Vienna from November 1814 to June 1815. The objective was to provide a long-term peace plan for Europe by settling critical issues arising from the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.

Driven by Otto von Bismarck's political strategy, this process in the 19th century unified various German principalities into a single nation-state under Prussian leadership, fundamentally altering the European balance of power.

The siege and capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by the Ottoman Empire in 1453 marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of Ottoman dominance in Eastern Europe, influencing trade and paving the way for the Renaissance.

An English monk from the 8th century whose works on history and theology were seminal in developing an understanding of English and Christian history during the Early Middle Ages.

Signed on June 28, 1919, the treaty formally ended World War I and imposed heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. It is often cited as a contributing factor to the rise of Nazis and World War II.

This uprising in China (1899-1901) aimed to rid the country of foreign influence. Though not in Europe, European powers were significantly involved, leading to an international military response and increased foreign control over China.

Initiated by Martin Luther in 1517, it was a movement against the ecclesiastical and political power of the Roman Catholic Church, leading to the creation of Protestant churches and religious wars, significantly altering European society and politics.

The bloodless overthrow of King James II of England in 1688 by a union of English Parliamentarians and the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy in England.

The final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte took place at the Battle of Waterloo in Belgium on June 18, 1815, ending over 20 years of conflict in Europe and leading to his exile to Saint Helena.

The formal division between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, occurring in 1054. It represented the culmination of theological and political differences that had developed during the preceding centuries.

A conflict from 1853 to 1856 involving Russia against an alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. Prominent for the siege of Sevastopol and the Charge of the Light Brigade, its outcome included the modernization of warfare and major diplomatic shifts.

Beginning in 1789, this period of radical social and political upheaval in France led to the establishment of a republic and the execution of Louis XVI. It greatly affected the power balance in Europe and spurred human rights ideologies.

A failed attempt by Spain in 1588 to invade England, it marked a turning point in the Anglo-Spanish War, leading to the decline of Spain's naval dominance and the rise of England as a major seafaring nation.

The Renaissance was a period of 'rebirth' in art, science, and literature, centered in Italy from the 14th to the 17th century, signaling the transition from the Middle Ages to Modernity. It significantly influenced cultural developments and the perception of human potential.

An intellectual and philosophical movement that dominated Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional doctrines, it laid the foundations for modern democratic societies.

From the 15th to 17th centuries, European powers explored and colonized vast overseas territories, driven by trade opportunities, the spread of Christianity, and advancements in navigation technology. It reshaped world geography and global trade.

A series of conflicts from 1618-1648 primarily on the territory of today's Germany, it involved most of the great powers of Europe and was one of the longest and most destructive conflicts in European history, ending with the Peace of Westphalia.