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Poetry Forms and Structures
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Free Verse
Structure: No set structure, Rhyme Scheme: None, Example: Walt Whitman's 'Leaves of Grass'.
Couplet
Structure: Two lines, Rhyme Scheme: AA, Example: Alexander Pope's 'Heroic Couplets' from 'An Essay on Man'.
Tercet
Structure: Three lines, Rhyme Scheme: ABA, Example: Dante's 'The Inferno' contains tercets.
Cinquain
Structure: 5 lines, Rhyme Scheme: Variable, often ababb, Example: Adelaide Crapsey's 'November Night'.
Rondeau
Structure: 15 lines, Rhyme Scheme: AABBA AABC AABBAC, Example: Charles d'Orleans's 'Le temps a laissé son manteau'.
Spenserian Sonnet
Structure: 14 lines, Rhyme Scheme: ABAB BCBC CDCD EE, Example: Edmund Spenser's 'Amoretti'.
Concrete Poetry
Structure: Visual arrangement communicates beyond words, Rhyme Scheme: Not applicable, Example: George Herbert's 'Easter Wings'.
Limerick
Structure: 5 lines, Rhyme Scheme: AABBA, Example: Edward Lear's 'There was an Old Man with a beard'.
Ghazal
Structure: 5 to 15 couplets, Rhyme Scheme: AA BA CA, Example: Agha Shahid Ali's 'Even the Rain'.
Elegy
Structure: Variable, Rhyme Scheme: Variable, Example: W.H. Auden's 'In Memory of W.B. Yeats'.
Terza Rima
Structure: Terza rima is written in tercets, Rhyme Scheme: ABA BCB CDC DED ..., Example: Dante Alighieri's 'The Divine Comedy'.
Sestina
Structure: 39 lines, Rhyme Scheme: None, but features repeated end words, Example: Elizabeth Bishop's 'Sestina'.
Quatrain
Structure: Four lines, Rhyme Scheme: AABB, ABAB, or ABBA, Example: Robert Frost's 'Stopping by Woods On a Snowy Evening' contains quatrains.
Triplet
Structure: Three-line stanza or poem, Rhyme Scheme: AAA, Example: Examples are commonly found in ancient and medieval poetry.
Monorhyme
Structure: Any number of lines, Rhyme Scheme: AAAA..., Example: W.H. Auden's 'As I Walked Out One Evening'.
Pastoral
Structure: Variable, Rhyme Scheme: Variable, Example: Virgil's 'Eclogues'.
Chant Royal
Structure: Five 11-line stanzas followed by a 5-line envoi, Rhyme Scheme: ABABCCDDEDF (stanzas), CCDDF (envoi), Example: Yvor Winters's 'A Chant Royal'.
Epigram
Structure: Short, witty, and pointed statement, often in couplet or quatrain form, Rhyme Scheme: Variable, often AABB or ABAB, Example: Oscar Wilde was known for his epigrams.
Sonnet
Structure: 14 lines, Rhyme Scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG for Shakespearean, ABBA ABBA CDE CDE for Petrarchan, Example: Shakespeare's 'Sonnet 18'.
Haiku
Structure: 3 lines, Rhyme Scheme: None, Example: Matsuo Basho's 'An old silent pond'.
Pantoum
Structure: Any number of quatrains, Rhyme Scheme: ABAB, Example: John Ashbery's 'Pantoum'.
Blank Verse
Structure: Often used for long poems, no fixed stanza length, Rhyme Scheme: None, Example: William Shakespeare's plays are often in blank verse.
Villanelle
Structure: 19 lines, Rhyme Scheme: ABA ABA ABA ABA ABA ABAA, Example: Dylan Thomas's 'Do not go gentle into that good night'.
Ballad
Structure: Quatrains, Rhyme Scheme: ABAB or AABB, Example: Samuel Taylor Coleridge's 'The Rime of the Ancient Mariner'.
Acrostic
Structure: Variable, Rhyme Scheme: None or variable, Example: Lewis Carroll's 'Acrostic' poem for the name Alice Pleasance Liddell.
Tanka
Structure: 5 lines, Rhyme Scheme: None, Example: Ishikawa Takuboku's 'Sad Toys'.
Kyrielle
Structure: Quatrains, Rhyme Scheme: AabB, ccbB, ddbB, etc., Example: Traditional French Kyrielles.
Ode
Structure: Variable, often three parts: strophe, antistrophe, and epode, Rhyme Scheme: Variable, Example: John Keats's 'Ode to a Nightingale'.
Epic
Structure: Lengthy narrative, Rhyme Scheme: Variable, often blank verse, Example: Homer's 'The Odyssey'.
Rubaiyat
Structure: Quatrains, Rhyme Scheme: AABA, Example: Omar Khayyam's 'The Rubaiyat'.
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